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TWO-DIMENTIONAL SELF-ESTEEM: RELATION TO OTHER SELVES

Year 2021, Volume: 21 Issue: 4, 1294 - 1310, 15.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2021..-481885

Abstract

Self-esteem is the individual's perception of himself as valuable and competence. In this study, it is aimed to determine the predictive power conditional-unconditional self-acceptance, inner-outer self-confidence, and self-construal comformity-relatedness-autonomy dimensions on self-liking and self-competence dimensions of self-esteem in high school and university students. The participants of the study consisted of two different student groups, high school and university. It consisted of a total of 146 high school students, 56 (38%) girls and 90 (62%) boys, a total of 317 university students, a totol of university students 317 and 239 (75.4%) girls and 78 (24.6%) boys. Two-dimensional self-esteem scale, Comformity-Relationship and Autonomy Scales, Unconditional Self-Acceptance Scale and Self-Confidence Scale were applied to the participants. Data obtained from high school and university students were analyzed separately. Regression analysis was performed to determine the variables that predicted the dependent variable of the study, self-esteem. As a result of the regression analysis, the relatedness dimension of self-construal and unconditional self-acceptance are predictive the self-liking dimension of self-esteem in high school participants. In addition, it was determined that the self-competence dimension and inner self-confidence and relatedness, conformity of self-constructual predict the self-competence of self-esteem. In the university participants, inner self-confidence predicts self-liking dimension of self-esteem and conditional self-acceptance, inner-outer self-confidence and autonomy dimension of self-construal predict the self-competence of self-esteem. These results obtained from high school and university students are discussed within the framework of self-construal in individualist-collectivist culture, conditional-unconditional self-acceptance and inner-external self-confidence.

References

  • Akın, A. (2007). Öz-güven ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi ve psikometrik özellikleri. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(2), 167-176.
  • Benabou, R., & Tirole, J. (2000, November 18). Self confidence: Intrapersonal strategies. The NBER Conference on Macroeconomics and Individual Decision Making, Cambridge.
  • Bénabou, R., & Tirole, J. (2005). Self-confidence and personal motivation. In B. Agarwal & A. Vercelli (Eds.), Psychology, rationality and economic behaviour (pp. 19-57). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230522343_2
  • Birndorf, S., Ryan, S., Auinger, P., & Aten, M. (2005). High self-esteem among adolescents: Longitudinal trends, sex differences, and protective factors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 37(3), 194-201. doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.08.012
  • Block, J., & Robins, R. W. (1993). A longitudinal study of consistency and change in self-esteem from early adolescence to early adulthood. Child Development, 64(3), 909-923. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1993.tb02951.x
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2019). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (26. baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  • Cai, H., Brown, J. D., Deng, C., & Oakes, M. A. (2007). Self‐esteem and culture: Differences in cognitive self‐evaluations or affective self‐regard? Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 10(3), 162-170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2007.00222.x
  • Cai, H., Wu1, Q., & Brown, J. D. (2009). Is self-esteem a universal need? Evidence from The People’s Republic of China. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 12(2), 104–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2009.01278.x
  • Chamberlain, J. M., & Haaga, D. A. (2001a). Unconditional self-acceptance and psychological health. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 19(3), 163-176. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011189416600
  • Chamberlain, J. M., & Haaga, D. A. (2001b). Unconditional self-acceptance and responses to negative feedback. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 19(3), 177-189. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011141500670
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimlerde çok değişkenli istatistik. Pegem Akademi.
  • DeVellis, R. F. (2014). Ölçek geliştirme kuram ve uygulamalar (Çev. T. Totan, 3. baskı). Nobel. (Orijinal çalışma 2012 yılında yayımlandı.)
  • Doğan, T. (2011). İki boyutlu benlik saygısı: Kendini sevme/özyeterlik ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim, 36(162), 126-137.
  • Gençtan, E. (1984). Çağdaş yaşam ve normal dışı davranışlar (3. baskı). Maya Yayınları.
  • Gorsuch, R. L. (1997). Exploratory factor analysis: Its role in item analysis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68(3), 532-560. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6803_5
  • Göregenli, M. (1995). Kültürümüz açısından bireycilik-toplulukçuluk eğilimleri: Bir başlangıç çalışması. (Individualism collectivism orientations in the Turkish culture: A preliminary study). Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 10, 1-14.
  • Güngör, D., Karasawa, M., Boiger, M., Dinçer, D., & Mesquita, B. (2014). Fitting in or sticking together: The prevalence and adaptivity of conformity, relatedness, and autonomy in Japan and Turkey. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 45(9), 1374-1389. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022022114542977
  • Hall, H. K., Hill, A. P., Appleton, P. R., & Kozub, S. A. (2009). The mediating influence of unconditional self-acceptance and labile self-esteem on the relationship between multidimensional perfectionism and exercise dependence. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(1), 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.05.003
  • Heine, S. J. (2001). Self as cultural product: An examination of East Asian and North American selves. Journal of Personality, 69(6), 881-905. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.696168
  • Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard? Psychological Review, 106(4), 766-794. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.766
  • Humphreys, T. (2002). Çocuk eğitiminin anahtarı: Özgüven (Çev. T. Anapa, 3. baskı). Epsilon.
  • Jordan, C. H., Spencer, S. J., Zanna, M. P., Hoshino-Browne, E., & Correll, J. (2003). Secure and defensive high self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(5), 969–978. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.969
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1996). The autonomous-relational self. European Psychologist, 1(3), 180-186. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.1.3.180
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1998). Kültürel psikoloji: Kültür bağlamında insan ve aile (1. baskı). YKY.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 36(4), 403-422.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2012). Sociocultural change and integrative syntheses in human development: Autonomous‐related self and social–cognitive competence. Child Development Perspectives, 6(1), 5-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00173.x
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2013). Adolescent autonomy‐relatedness and the family in cultural context: What is optimal? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23(2), 223-235.
  • Kapıkıran, N. & Kapıkıran, Ş. (2010). Koşulsuz kendini kabul ölçeğinin Türk üniversite öğrencileri için geçerliği ve güvenirliği. Kriz Dergisi, 18(1), 33-44.
  • Kapıkıran, N. A., & Özgüngör, S. (2020). Two dimentional of self-esteem: Testing of Mruk’s model. Elementary Education Online, 19(1), 286-298. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2020.656869
  • Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., Matsumoto, H., & Norasakkunkit, V. (1997). Individual and collective processes in the construction of the self: Self-enhancement in the United States and self-criticism in Japan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(6), 1245-1267. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.6.1245
  • Koivula, N., Hassmén, P., & Fallby, J. (2002). Self-esteem and perfectionism in elite athletes: Effects on competitive anxiety and self-confidence. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(5), 865-875. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00092-7
  • Lindenfield, G. (1997). Kendine güvenen çocuk yetiştirmek (Çev. G. Tümer, 1. baskı). HYB Yayınları.
  • MacInnes, D. L. (2006). Self‐esteem and self‐acceptance: An examination into their relationship and their effect on psychological health. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 13(5), 483-489. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2006.00959.x
  • Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991a). Cultural variation in the self-concept. In J. Strauss & G. R. Goethals (Eds.), The self: Interdisciplinary approaches (pp. 18-48). Springer.
  • Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991b). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-254. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
  • Matsumoto, D. (1999). Culture and self: An empirical assessment of Markus and Kitayama’s theory of independent and interdependent self‐construals. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2(3), 289-310. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839X.00042
  • Messick, S. (1993). Trait equivalence as construct validity of score interpretation across multiple methods of measurement. In R. E. Bennett & W. C. Ward (Eds.), Construction versus choice in cognitive measurement: Issues in constructed-response, performance testing, and portfolio assessment (pp. 61-73). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Mruk, C. J. (2006a). Self-esteem: Toward a positive psychology for self-esteem (1st ed.). Springer.
  • Mruk, C. J. (2006b). Defining self-esteem: An often overlooked issue with crucial implications. In M. Kernis (Ed.), Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (pp. 10-15). Taylor & Francis.
  • Owens, T. J. (1993). Accentuate the positive-and the negative: Rethinking the use of self-esteem, self-deprecation, and self-confidence. Social Psychology Quarterly, 288-299. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786665
  • Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Arndt, J., & Schimel, J. (2004). Why do people need self-esteem? A theoretical and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 435-468. https://doi.org/10.1037/003 -2909.130.3.435
  • Robins, R. W., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2005). Self-esteem development across the lifespan. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(3), 158-162. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00353.x Robson, C. (2015). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (Çev. Ş. Çıngır & N. Demirkasımoğlu, 1. baskı). Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Ryan, M. R., & Brow, K. W. (2006). What is optimal self-esteem? The cultivation and consequences of contingent vs. true self-esteem as viewed from the Self-Determination Theory perspective. In M. Kernis (Ed.), Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (pp. 125-131). Taylor & Francis.
  • Sedikides, C., Gaertner, L., & Toguchi, Y. (2003). Pancultural self-enhancement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(1), 60-79. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.60
  • Singelis, T. M., Bond, M. H., Sharkey, W. F., & Lai, C. S. Y. (1999). Unpackaging culture’s influence on self-esteem and embarrassability the role of self-construals. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30(3), 315-341. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022199030003003
  • Sowislo, J. F., & Orth, U. (2013). Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 213–240. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028931
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İKİ BOYUTLU BENLİK SAYGISI: DİĞER BENLİKLERLE İLİŞKİSİ

Year 2021, Volume: 21 Issue: 4, 1294 - 1310, 15.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2021..-481885

Abstract

Benlik saygısı bireyin kendini yeterince değerli ve yeterli algılamasıdır. Bu araştırma lise ve üniversite öğrencilerinin benlik saygısının kendini sevme ve öz yeterlik boyutlarını koşullu-koşulsuz kendini kabul, iç-dış öz-güven, benlik kurgusunun uyma-ilişkililik-özerklik boyutlarının yordayıcı gücünün belirlenmesini amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmanın katılımcıları lise ve üniversite olmak üzere iki farklı öğrenci grubundan oluşmuştur. Katılımcılar 56’sı (%38) kız ve 90’ı (%62) erkek olmak üzere toplam 146 lise öğrencisinden, 239’u (%75.4) kız ve 78’i (%24.6) erkek olmak üzere toplam 317 üniversite öğrencisinden oluşmuştur. Katılımcılara İki Boyutlu Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği, Uyma-İlişkililik ve Özerklik Ölçekleri, Koşulsuz Kendini Kabul Ölçeği ve Öz-güven Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada lise ve üniversite öğrencilerinden elde edilen veriler ayrı ayrı analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın bağımlı değişkeni olan benlik saygısını yordayan değişkenleri belirlemek amacıyla regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Regresyon analizi sonucunda, liseli katılımcıların benlik kurgusunun ilişkililik boyutu ve koşulsuz kendini kabul boyutu benlik saygısının kendini sevme boyutunu yordamıştır. Ayrıca lise öğrencilerinin benlik kurgusunun ilişkililik ve uyma boyutlarının, içsel özgüven benlik saygısının öz-yeterlik boyutunu yordama gücüne sahip olduğu saptanmıştır. Bununla birlikte üniversiteli katılımcılarında iç özgüven benlik saygısının kendini sevme boyutunu yordarken, koşullu kendini kabul, iç -dış özgüven ve benlik kurgusunun özerklik boyutunun öz-yeterlik boyutunu yordama gücü anlamlı düzeye erişmiştir. Lise ve üniversite öğrencilerinden elde edilen bu sonuçlar benlik yapısının bireyci-toplulukçu kültürdeki benlik kurguları, koşullu-koşulsuz kendini kabul ve iç-dış özgüven çerçevesinde tartışılmıştır.

References

  • Akın, A. (2007). Öz-güven ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi ve psikometrik özellikleri. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(2), 167-176.
  • Benabou, R., & Tirole, J. (2000, November 18). Self confidence: Intrapersonal strategies. The NBER Conference on Macroeconomics and Individual Decision Making, Cambridge.
  • Bénabou, R., & Tirole, J. (2005). Self-confidence and personal motivation. In B. Agarwal & A. Vercelli (Eds.), Psychology, rationality and economic behaviour (pp. 19-57). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230522343_2
  • Birndorf, S., Ryan, S., Auinger, P., & Aten, M. (2005). High self-esteem among adolescents: Longitudinal trends, sex differences, and protective factors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 37(3), 194-201. doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.08.012
  • Block, J., & Robins, R. W. (1993). A longitudinal study of consistency and change in self-esteem from early adolescence to early adulthood. Child Development, 64(3), 909-923. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1993.tb02951.x
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2019). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (26. baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  • Cai, H., Brown, J. D., Deng, C., & Oakes, M. A. (2007). Self‐esteem and culture: Differences in cognitive self‐evaluations or affective self‐regard? Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 10(3), 162-170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2007.00222.x
  • Cai, H., Wu1, Q., & Brown, J. D. (2009). Is self-esteem a universal need? Evidence from The People’s Republic of China. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 12(2), 104–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2009.01278.x
  • Chamberlain, J. M., & Haaga, D. A. (2001a). Unconditional self-acceptance and psychological health. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 19(3), 163-176. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011189416600
  • Chamberlain, J. M., & Haaga, D. A. (2001b). Unconditional self-acceptance and responses to negative feedback. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 19(3), 177-189. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011141500670
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimlerde çok değişkenli istatistik. Pegem Akademi.
  • DeVellis, R. F. (2014). Ölçek geliştirme kuram ve uygulamalar (Çev. T. Totan, 3. baskı). Nobel. (Orijinal çalışma 2012 yılında yayımlandı.)
  • Doğan, T. (2011). İki boyutlu benlik saygısı: Kendini sevme/özyeterlik ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim, 36(162), 126-137.
  • Gençtan, E. (1984). Çağdaş yaşam ve normal dışı davranışlar (3. baskı). Maya Yayınları.
  • Gorsuch, R. L. (1997). Exploratory factor analysis: Its role in item analysis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68(3), 532-560. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6803_5
  • Göregenli, M. (1995). Kültürümüz açısından bireycilik-toplulukçuluk eğilimleri: Bir başlangıç çalışması. (Individualism collectivism orientations in the Turkish culture: A preliminary study). Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 10, 1-14.
  • Güngör, D., Karasawa, M., Boiger, M., Dinçer, D., & Mesquita, B. (2014). Fitting in or sticking together: The prevalence and adaptivity of conformity, relatedness, and autonomy in Japan and Turkey. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 45(9), 1374-1389. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022022114542977
  • Hall, H. K., Hill, A. P., Appleton, P. R., & Kozub, S. A. (2009). The mediating influence of unconditional self-acceptance and labile self-esteem on the relationship between multidimensional perfectionism and exercise dependence. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(1), 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.05.003
  • Heine, S. J. (2001). Self as cultural product: An examination of East Asian and North American selves. Journal of Personality, 69(6), 881-905. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.696168
  • Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard? Psychological Review, 106(4), 766-794. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.766
  • Humphreys, T. (2002). Çocuk eğitiminin anahtarı: Özgüven (Çev. T. Anapa, 3. baskı). Epsilon.
  • Jordan, C. H., Spencer, S. J., Zanna, M. P., Hoshino-Browne, E., & Correll, J. (2003). Secure and defensive high self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(5), 969–978. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.969
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1996). The autonomous-relational self. European Psychologist, 1(3), 180-186. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.1.3.180
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1998). Kültürel psikoloji: Kültür bağlamında insan ve aile (1. baskı). YKY.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 36(4), 403-422.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2012). Sociocultural change and integrative syntheses in human development: Autonomous‐related self and social–cognitive competence. Child Development Perspectives, 6(1), 5-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00173.x
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2013). Adolescent autonomy‐relatedness and the family in cultural context: What is optimal? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23(2), 223-235.
  • Kapıkıran, N. & Kapıkıran, Ş. (2010). Koşulsuz kendini kabul ölçeğinin Türk üniversite öğrencileri için geçerliği ve güvenirliği. Kriz Dergisi, 18(1), 33-44.
  • Kapıkıran, N. A., & Özgüngör, S. (2020). Two dimentional of self-esteem: Testing of Mruk’s model. Elementary Education Online, 19(1), 286-298. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2020.656869
  • Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., Matsumoto, H., & Norasakkunkit, V. (1997). Individual and collective processes in the construction of the self: Self-enhancement in the United States and self-criticism in Japan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(6), 1245-1267. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.6.1245
  • Koivula, N., Hassmén, P., & Fallby, J. (2002). Self-esteem and perfectionism in elite athletes: Effects on competitive anxiety and self-confidence. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(5), 865-875. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00092-7
  • Lindenfield, G. (1997). Kendine güvenen çocuk yetiştirmek (Çev. G. Tümer, 1. baskı). HYB Yayınları.
  • MacInnes, D. L. (2006). Self‐esteem and self‐acceptance: An examination into their relationship and their effect on psychological health. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 13(5), 483-489. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2006.00959.x
  • Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991a). Cultural variation in the self-concept. In J. Strauss & G. R. Goethals (Eds.), The self: Interdisciplinary approaches (pp. 18-48). Springer.
  • Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991b). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-254. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
  • Matsumoto, D. (1999). Culture and self: An empirical assessment of Markus and Kitayama’s theory of independent and interdependent self‐construals. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2(3), 289-310. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839X.00042
  • Messick, S. (1993). Trait equivalence as construct validity of score interpretation across multiple methods of measurement. In R. E. Bennett & W. C. Ward (Eds.), Construction versus choice in cognitive measurement: Issues in constructed-response, performance testing, and portfolio assessment (pp. 61-73). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Mruk, C. J. (2006a). Self-esteem: Toward a positive psychology for self-esteem (1st ed.). Springer.
  • Mruk, C. J. (2006b). Defining self-esteem: An often overlooked issue with crucial implications. In M. Kernis (Ed.), Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (pp. 10-15). Taylor & Francis.
  • Owens, T. J. (1993). Accentuate the positive-and the negative: Rethinking the use of self-esteem, self-deprecation, and self-confidence. Social Psychology Quarterly, 288-299. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786665
  • Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Arndt, J., & Schimel, J. (2004). Why do people need self-esteem? A theoretical and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 435-468. https://doi.org/10.1037/003 -2909.130.3.435
  • Robins, R. W., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2005). Self-esteem development across the lifespan. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(3), 158-162. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00353.x Robson, C. (2015). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (Çev. Ş. Çıngır & N. Demirkasımoğlu, 1. baskı). Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Ryan, M. R., & Brow, K. W. (2006). What is optimal self-esteem? The cultivation and consequences of contingent vs. true self-esteem as viewed from the Self-Determination Theory perspective. In M. Kernis (Ed.), Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (pp. 125-131). Taylor & Francis.
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There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Necla Acun Kapıkıran

N.ceren Güzel

Publication Date December 15, 2021
Submission Date November 12, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 21 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Acun Kapıkıran, N., & Güzel, N. (2021). İKİ BOYUTLU BENLİK SAYGISI: DİĞER BENLİKLERLE İLİŞKİSİ. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(4), 1294-1310. https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2021..-481885