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Elit Kış Sporcularında Beslenme: Alp Kayağı ve Kayaklı Koşu Özelinde Sporcuların İhtiyaçları

Year 2023, Volume: 18 Issue: 2, 479 - 488, 31.12.2023

Betül Gül Örnek Nimet Korkmaz Selen Uğur Mutlu Okan Gültekin

https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1293985

Abstract

Elit kış sporcuları, aşırı soğuk havalarda, değişen kar koşulları ve yükselti gibi performansı etkileyebilecek çevresel zorluklarla karşılaşırlar. Kış sporlarındaki değişken fiziksel şartlar, sporcuların enerji ihtiyaçları, antrenman ve yarışma koşulları nedeniyle beslenme gereksinimlerinde büyük farklılıklar görülmektedir. Kronik yüksek irtifa maruziyeti ile önemli kilo kaybı arasındaki ilişki bu sporcular için beslenme kaygısına yol açmaktadır. Yükseltinin akut ve kronik etkileri, performans sonuçları üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olabilir. Kaslara giden oksijen miktarındaki düşüş, maksimum oksijen alımını azaltarak kayaklı koşu ve biatlon gibi dayanıklılık yarışlarındaki performansı olumsuz etkiler. Zorlu çevresel şartlarda antrenman yapan ve yarışan bu sporcuların antrenmandan önce, antrenman sırasında ve sonrasında yeterli yiyecek ve sıvı almaları gerekir. Yüksek irtifada ve soğuk havada hızla azalan kas glikojen depolarını doldurmak için daha fazla enerji ve besin almaları gerekir. Yarışma sırasında enerji takviyesi en çok uzun yarışma süresi içeren kros kayakçıları ve tekrarlanan eleme turları ve elemelere maruz kalan kış sporcuları için gereklidir. Bu sporcuların yarışma boyunca karbonhidrat mevcudiyetini sağlamaları gerekir. Bu çalışmanın amacı yüksek irtifada ve soğuk havada yarışan ve antrenman yapan sporcuların karşılaştıkları beslenme zorluklarını incelemek ve bu zorlukları alp disiplini ve kayaklı koşu sporcuları açısından değerlendirmektir.

Keywords

Alp disiplini Kayaklı koşu Kış sporları Sporcu beslenmesi

References

  • Aerenhouts, D., Chapelle, L., Clarys, P., & Zinzen, E. (2021). Hydration status in adolescent alpine skiers during a training camp. Journal of Human Kinetics, 79(1), 55-63. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0062
  • Amrein, K., Scherkl, M., Hoffmann, M., Neuwersch-Sommeregger, S., Köstenberger, M., Tmava Berisha, A., ... & Malle, O. (2020). Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: An Update on the current status worldwide. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74(11), 1498-1513. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-0558-y
  • Bergeron, M. F., Bahr, R., Bärtsch, P., Bourdon, L., Calbet, J. A. L., Carlsen, K. H., ... & Engebretsen, L. (2012). International Olympic Committee consensus statement on thermoregulatory and altitude challenges for high-level athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(11), 770-779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091296
  • Burke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., Wong, S. H., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2011). Carbohydrates for training and competition. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(1), 17-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.585473
  • Burtscher, M. (2014). Effects of living at higher altitudes on mortality: A Narrative review. Aging and Disease, 5(4), 274-280. https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2014.0500274
  • Carr, A., McGawley, K., Govus, A., Andersson, E. P., Shannon, O. M., Mattsson, S., & Melin, A. (2019). Nutritional intake in elite cross-country skiers during two days of training and competition. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 29(3), 273-281. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0411
  • Castellani, J. W., Muza, S. R., Cheuvront, S. N., Sils, I. V., Fulco, C. S., Kenefick, R. W., Beidleman, B. A., & Sawka, M. N. (2010). Effect of hypohydration and altitude exposure on aerobic exercise performance and acute mountain sickness. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985), 109(6), 1792–1800. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00517.2010
  • Chiang, C. M., Ismaeel, A., Griffis, R. B., & Weems, S. (2017). Effects of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength in athletes: A systematic review. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(2), 566-574. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001518
  • Cole, D. (2019). Concepts and Issues in Sports Nutrition. ED-tech Press.
  • Dahlquist, D. T., Dieter, B. P., & Koehle, M. S. (2015). Plausible ergogenic effects of vitamin D on athletic performance and recovery. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12(1), 33-34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-015-0093-8
  • Garvican-Lewis, L. A., Govus, A. D., Peeling, P., Abbiss, C. R., & Gore, C. J. (2016). Iron supplementation and altitude: Decision making using a regression tree. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 15(1), 204–205 Erişim adresi: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4763841/
  • Grimaldi, A. S., Parker, B. A., Capizzi, J. A., Clarkson, P. M., Pescatello, L. S., White, M. C., & Thompson, P. D. (2013). 25(OH) vitamin D is associated with greater muscle strength in healthy men and women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 45(1), 157–162. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31826c9a78
  • Hall, R., Peeling, P., Nemeth, E., Bergland, D., McCluskey, W. T. P., & Stellingwerff, T. (2019). Single versus split dose of iron optimizes hemoglobin mass gains at 2106 m altitude. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 51(4), 751–759. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001847
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  • Hannon, M. P., Flueck, J. L., Gremeaux, V., Place, N., Kayser, B., & Donnelly, C. (2021). Key nutritional considerations for youth winter sports athletes to optimize growth, maturation and sporting development. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, Article 599118. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.599118
  • Heydenreich, J., Melzer, K., Flury, C., & Kayser, B. (2017). Low energy turnover of physically inactive participants as a determinant of insufficient mineral and vitamin intake in NHANES. Nutrients, 9(7), 754. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070754
  • Hinton, P. S. (2014). Iron and the endurance athlete. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 39(9), 1012–1018. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2014-0147
  • Hollabaugh, W. L., Meirick, P. J., Matarazzo, C. P., Burston, A. M., Camery, M. E., Ferrill-Moseley, K. A., Bley, J. A., Pennings, J. S., Fitch, R. W., Tanner, S. B., & Karpinos, A. R. (2022). Evaluation of a vitamin D screening and treatment protocol using a seasonal calculator in athletes. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 21(2), 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000934
  • Holmberg H. C. (2015). The elite cross-country skier provides unique insights into human exercise physiology. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 25, Suppl 4, 100–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12601
  • Jäger, R., Kerksick, C. M., Campbell, B. I., Cribb, P. J., Wells, S. D., Skwiat, T. M., Purpura, M., Ziegenfuss, T. N., Ferrando, A. A., Arent, S. M., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Stout, J. R., Arciero, P. J., Ormsbee, M. J., Taylor, L. W., Wilborn, C. D., Kalman, D. S., Kreider, R. B., Willoughby, D. S., Hoffman, J. R., … Antonio, J. (2017). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: protein and exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8
  • Jéquier, E., & Constant, F. (2010). Water as an essential nutrient: The Physiological basis of hydration. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 64(2), 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2009.111
  • Khodaee, M., Grothe, H. L., Seyfert, J. H., & VanBaak, K. (2016). Athletes at high altitude. Sports Health, 8(2), 126–132. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738116630948
  • Kuwabara, A. M., Tenforde, A. S., Finnoff, J. T., & Fredericson, M. (2022). Iron deficiency in athletes: A Narrative review. PM&R:The Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation, 14(5), 620–642. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmrj.12779
  • Mattiello, V., Schmugge, M., Hengartner, H., von der Weid, N., Renella, R., & SPOG Pediatric Hematology Working Group (2020). Diagnosis and management of iron deficiency in children with or without anemia: Consensus recommendations of the SPOG pediatric hematology working group. European Journal of Pediatrics, 179(4), 527–545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-020-03597-5
  • Meyer, N. L., Manore, M. M., & Helle, C. (2011). Nutrition for winter sports. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29,Suppl 1, 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.574721
  • Spiro, A., & Buttriss, J. L. (2014). Vitamin D: An Overview of vitamin D status and intake in Europe. Nutrition Bulletin, 39(4), 322–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12108
  • Ogan, D., & Pritchett, K. (2013). Vitamin D and the athlete: risks, recommendations, and benefits. Nutrients, 5(6), 1856–1868. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5061856
  • Peeling, P., Sim, M., Badenhorst, C. E., Dawson, B., Govus, A. D., Abbiss, C. R., Swinkels, D. W., & Trinder, D. (2014). Iron status and the acute post-exercise hepcidin response in athletes. PloS One, 9(3), Article e93002. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093002
  • Sandbakk, Ø., & Holmberg, H. C. (2017). Physiological capacity and training routines of elite cross-country skiers: Approaching the upper limits of human endurance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(8), 1003–1011. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0749
  • Sawka, M. N., Cheuvront, S. N., & Kenefick, R. W. (2012). High skin temperature and hypohydration impair aerobic performance. Experimental Hysiology, 97(3), 327–332. https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2011.061002
  • Schweitzer, G. G., Kearney, M. L., & Mittendorfer, B. (2017). Muscle glycogen: where did you come from, where did you go? The Journal of Physiology, 595(9), 2771–2772. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273536
  • Seifert, J. G., Kipp, R. W., & Bacharach, D. W. (2012). The effects of a carbohydrate-protein gel supplement on alpine slalom ski performance. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 11(3), 537–541. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3737948/pdf/jssm-11-537.pdf
  • Skattebo, Ø., Losnegard, T., & Stadheim, H. K. (2019). Double-poling physiology and kinematics of elite cross-country skiers: Specialized long-distance versus all-round skiers. International journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 1190–1199. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0471
  • Thomas, D. T., Erdman, K. A., & Burke, L. M. (2016). American College of Sports Medicine joint position statement. Nutrition and athletic performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 48(3), 543–568. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000852
  • Tønnessen, E., Haugen, T. A., Hem, E., Leirstein, S., & Seiler, S. (2015). Maximal aerobic capacity in the winter-Olympics endurance disciplines: Olympic-medal benchmarks for the time period 1990-2013. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 10(7), 835–839. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0431
  • Trangmar, S. J., & González-Alonso, J. (2017). New insights into the impact of dehydration on blood flow and metabolism during exercise. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 45(3), 146–153. https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.0000000000000109
  • Turnbull, J. R., Kilding, A. E., & Keogh, J. W. (2009). Physiology of alpine skiing. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 19(2), 146–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00901.x
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Nutrition in Elite Winter Athletes: The Needs of Athletes in Alpine Skiing and Cross-Country Skiing

Year 2023, Volume: 18 Issue: 2, 479 - 488, 31.12.2023

Betül Gül Örnek Nimet Korkmaz Selen Uğur Mutlu Okan Gültekin

https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1293985

Abstract

Elite winter sports athletes face environmental challenges that can affect their performance, such as extreme cold weather, changing snow conditions, and altitude. The variable physical conditions in winter sports lead to significant differences in nutrition requirements for athletes due to their energy needs, training, and competition conditions. The relationship between chronic high-altitude exposure and significant weight loss creates nutrition concerns for these athletes. The acute and chronic effects of altitude can have a significant impact on performance outcomes. The decrease in the amount of oxygen going to the muscles can negatively affect performance in endurance races such as cross-country skiing and biathlon by reducing maximum oxygen intake. Athletes who train and compete in harsh environmental conditions need to consume adequate food and fluids before, during, and after training. They require more energy and nutrients to replenish quickly depleting muscle glycogen stores at high altitude and in cold weather. Energy supplementation is necessary during competitions, especially for cross-country skiers with long race durations and winter sports athletes exposed to repeated elimination rounds and qualifiers. These athletes need to ensure the availability of carbohydrates during the competition. The aim of this study is to examine the nutritional difficulties faced by athletes competing and training at high altitudes and cold weather and to evaluate these difficulties in terms of alpine and ski running athletes

Keywords

Alpine skiing Cross country Winter sports Sport nutrition

References

  • Aerenhouts, D., Chapelle, L., Clarys, P., & Zinzen, E. (2021). Hydration status in adolescent alpine skiers during a training camp. Journal of Human Kinetics, 79(1), 55-63. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0062
  • Amrein, K., Scherkl, M., Hoffmann, M., Neuwersch-Sommeregger, S., Köstenberger, M., Tmava Berisha, A., ... & Malle, O. (2020). Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: An Update on the current status worldwide. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74(11), 1498-1513. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-0558-y
  • Bergeron, M. F., Bahr, R., Bärtsch, P., Bourdon, L., Calbet, J. A. L., Carlsen, K. H., ... & Engebretsen, L. (2012). International Olympic Committee consensus statement on thermoregulatory and altitude challenges for high-level athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(11), 770-779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091296
  • Burke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., Wong, S. H., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2011). Carbohydrates for training and competition. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(1), 17-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.585473
  • Burtscher, M. (2014). Effects of living at higher altitudes on mortality: A Narrative review. Aging and Disease, 5(4), 274-280. https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2014.0500274
  • Carr, A., McGawley, K., Govus, A., Andersson, E. P., Shannon, O. M., Mattsson, S., & Melin, A. (2019). Nutritional intake in elite cross-country skiers during two days of training and competition. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 29(3), 273-281. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0411
  • Castellani, J. W., Muza, S. R., Cheuvront, S. N., Sils, I. V., Fulco, C. S., Kenefick, R. W., Beidleman, B. A., & Sawka, M. N. (2010). Effect of hypohydration and altitude exposure on aerobic exercise performance and acute mountain sickness. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985), 109(6), 1792–1800. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00517.2010
  • Chiang, C. M., Ismaeel, A., Griffis, R. B., & Weems, S. (2017). Effects of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength in athletes: A systematic review. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(2), 566-574. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001518
  • Cole, D. (2019). Concepts and Issues in Sports Nutrition. ED-tech Press.
  • Dahlquist, D. T., Dieter, B. P., & Koehle, M. S. (2015). Plausible ergogenic effects of vitamin D on athletic performance and recovery. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12(1), 33-34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-015-0093-8
  • Garvican-Lewis, L. A., Govus, A. D., Peeling, P., Abbiss, C. R., & Gore, C. J. (2016). Iron supplementation and altitude: Decision making using a regression tree. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 15(1), 204–205 Erişim adresi: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4763841/
  • Grimaldi, A. S., Parker, B. A., Capizzi, J. A., Clarkson, P. M., Pescatello, L. S., White, M. C., & Thompson, P. D. (2013). 25(OH) vitamin D is associated with greater muscle strength in healthy men and women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 45(1), 157–162. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31826c9a78
  • Hall, R., Peeling, P., Nemeth, E., Bergland, D., McCluskey, W. T. P., & Stellingwerff, T. (2019). Single versus split dose of iron optimizes hemoglobin mass gains at 2106 m altitude. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 51(4), 751–759. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001847
  • Hamilton B. (2010). Vitamin D and human skeletal muscle. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20(2), 182–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01016.x
  • Hannon, M. P., Flueck, J. L., Gremeaux, V., Place, N., Kayser, B., & Donnelly, C. (2021). Key nutritional considerations for youth winter sports athletes to optimize growth, maturation and sporting development. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, Article 599118. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.599118
  • Heydenreich, J., Melzer, K., Flury, C., & Kayser, B. (2017). Low energy turnover of physically inactive participants as a determinant of insufficient mineral and vitamin intake in NHANES. Nutrients, 9(7), 754. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070754
  • Hinton, P. S. (2014). Iron and the endurance athlete. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 39(9), 1012–1018. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2014-0147
  • Hollabaugh, W. L., Meirick, P. J., Matarazzo, C. P., Burston, A. M., Camery, M. E., Ferrill-Moseley, K. A., Bley, J. A., Pennings, J. S., Fitch, R. W., Tanner, S. B., & Karpinos, A. R. (2022). Evaluation of a vitamin D screening and treatment protocol using a seasonal calculator in athletes. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 21(2), 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000934
  • Holmberg H. C. (2015). The elite cross-country skier provides unique insights into human exercise physiology. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 25, Suppl 4, 100–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12601
  • Jäger, R., Kerksick, C. M., Campbell, B. I., Cribb, P. J., Wells, S. D., Skwiat, T. M., Purpura, M., Ziegenfuss, T. N., Ferrando, A. A., Arent, S. M., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Stout, J. R., Arciero, P. J., Ormsbee, M. J., Taylor, L. W., Wilborn, C. D., Kalman, D. S., Kreider, R. B., Willoughby, D. S., Hoffman, J. R., … Antonio, J. (2017). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: protein and exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8
  • Jéquier, E., & Constant, F. (2010). Water as an essential nutrient: The Physiological basis of hydration. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 64(2), 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2009.111
  • Khodaee, M., Grothe, H. L., Seyfert, J. H., & VanBaak, K. (2016). Athletes at high altitude. Sports Health, 8(2), 126–132. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738116630948
  • Kuwabara, A. M., Tenforde, A. S., Finnoff, J. T., & Fredericson, M. (2022). Iron deficiency in athletes: A Narrative review. PM&R:The Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation, 14(5), 620–642. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmrj.12779
  • Mattiello, V., Schmugge, M., Hengartner, H., von der Weid, N., Renella, R., & SPOG Pediatric Hematology Working Group (2020). Diagnosis and management of iron deficiency in children with or without anemia: Consensus recommendations of the SPOG pediatric hematology working group. European Journal of Pediatrics, 179(4), 527–545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-020-03597-5
  • Meyer, N. L., Manore, M. M., & Helle, C. (2011). Nutrition for winter sports. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29,Suppl 1, 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.574721
  • Spiro, A., & Buttriss, J. L. (2014). Vitamin D: An Overview of vitamin D status and intake in Europe. Nutrition Bulletin, 39(4), 322–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12108
  • Ogan, D., & Pritchett, K. (2013). Vitamin D and the athlete: risks, recommendations, and benefits. Nutrients, 5(6), 1856–1868. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5061856
  • Peeling, P., Sim, M., Badenhorst, C. E., Dawson, B., Govus, A. D., Abbiss, C. R., Swinkels, D. W., & Trinder, D. (2014). Iron status and the acute post-exercise hepcidin response in athletes. PloS One, 9(3), Article e93002. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093002
  • Sandbakk, Ø., & Holmberg, H. C. (2017). Physiological capacity and training routines of elite cross-country skiers: Approaching the upper limits of human endurance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(8), 1003–1011. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0749
  • Sawka, M. N., Cheuvront, S. N., & Kenefick, R. W. (2012). High skin temperature and hypohydration impair aerobic performance. Experimental Hysiology, 97(3), 327–332. https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2011.061002
  • Schweitzer, G. G., Kearney, M. L., & Mittendorfer, B. (2017). Muscle glycogen: where did you come from, where did you go? The Journal of Physiology, 595(9), 2771–2772. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273536
  • Seifert, J. G., Kipp, R. W., & Bacharach, D. W. (2012). The effects of a carbohydrate-protein gel supplement on alpine slalom ski performance. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 11(3), 537–541. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3737948/pdf/jssm-11-537.pdf
  • Skattebo, Ø., Losnegard, T., & Stadheim, H. K. (2019). Double-poling physiology and kinematics of elite cross-country skiers: Specialized long-distance versus all-round skiers. International journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 1190–1199. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0471
  • Thomas, D. T., Erdman, K. A., & Burke, L. M. (2016). American College of Sports Medicine joint position statement. Nutrition and athletic performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 48(3), 543–568. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000852
  • Tønnessen, E., Haugen, T. A., Hem, E., Leirstein, S., & Seiler, S. (2015). Maximal aerobic capacity in the winter-Olympics endurance disciplines: Olympic-medal benchmarks for the time period 1990-2013. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 10(7), 835–839. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0431
  • Trangmar, S. J., & González-Alonso, J. (2017). New insights into the impact of dehydration on blood flow and metabolism during exercise. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 45(3), 146–153. https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.0000000000000109
  • Turnbull, J. R., Kilding, A. E., & Keogh, J. W. (2009). Physiology of alpine skiing. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 19(2), 146–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00901.x
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There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Medicine
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Betül Gül Örnek 0000-0003-4743-4378

Nimet Korkmaz 0000-0001-7648-3289

Selen Uğur Mutlu 0000-0002-3052-9066

Okan Gültekin 0000-0003-4823-6349

Early Pub Date November 25, 2023
Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date May 8, 2023
Acceptance Date July 5, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 18 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Gül Örnek, B., Korkmaz, N., Uğur Mutlu, S., Gültekin, O. (2023). Elit Kış Sporcularında Beslenme: Alp Kayağı ve Kayaklı Koşu Özelinde Sporcuların İhtiyaçları. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(2), 479-488. https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1293985
AMA Gül Örnek B, Korkmaz N, Uğur Mutlu S, Gültekin O. Elit Kış Sporcularında Beslenme: Alp Kayağı ve Kayaklı Koşu Özelinde Sporcuların İhtiyaçları. CBÜ BESBD. December 2023;18(2):479-488. doi:10.33459/cbubesbd.1293985
Chicago Gül Örnek, Betül, Nimet Korkmaz, Selen Uğur Mutlu, and Okan Gültekin. “Elit Kış Sporcularında Beslenme: Alp Kayağı Ve Kayaklı Koşu Özelinde Sporcuların İhtiyaçları”. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 18, no. 2 (December 2023): 479-88. https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1293985.
EndNote Gül Örnek B, Korkmaz N, Uğur Mutlu S, Gültekin O (December 1, 2023) Elit Kış Sporcularında Beslenme: Alp Kayağı ve Kayaklı Koşu Özelinde Sporcuların İhtiyaçları. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 18 2 479–488.
IEEE B. Gül Örnek, N. Korkmaz, S. Uğur Mutlu, and O. Gültekin, “Elit Kış Sporcularında Beslenme: Alp Kayağı ve Kayaklı Koşu Özelinde Sporcuların İhtiyaçları”, CBÜ BESBD, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 479–488, 2023, doi: 10.33459/cbubesbd.1293985.
ISNAD Gül Örnek, Betül et al. “Elit Kış Sporcularında Beslenme: Alp Kayağı Ve Kayaklı Koşu Özelinde Sporcuların İhtiyaçları”. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 18/2 (December 2023), 479-488. https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1293985.
JAMA Gül Örnek B, Korkmaz N, Uğur Mutlu S, Gültekin O. Elit Kış Sporcularında Beslenme: Alp Kayağı ve Kayaklı Koşu Özelinde Sporcuların İhtiyaçları. CBÜ BESBD. 2023;18:479–488.
MLA Gül Örnek, Betül et al. “Elit Kış Sporcularında Beslenme: Alp Kayağı Ve Kayaklı Koşu Özelinde Sporcuların İhtiyaçları”. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 18, no. 2, 2023, pp. 479-88, doi:10.33459/cbubesbd.1293985.
Vancouver Gül Örnek B, Korkmaz N, Uğur Mutlu S, Gültekin O. Elit Kış Sporcularında Beslenme: Alp Kayağı ve Kayaklı Koşu Özelinde Sporcuların İhtiyaçları. CBÜ BESBD. 2023;18(2):479-88.
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