Comprehension of Turkish Relative Clauses: Evidence from Eye-tracking and Corpus Analysis

Talat Bulut; Emine Yarar; Denise Hsien Wu

Research Article

Comprehension of Turkish Relative Clauses: Evidence from Eye-tracking and Corpus Analysis

Year 2019, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 211 - 246, 13.01.2020

Talat Bulut Emine Yarar Denise Hsien Wu

Abstract

Purpose: Previous studies in English revealed that it is easier to comprehend subject relative clauses (SRCs) compared to object relative clauses (ORCs). However, subsequent research into processing of relative clauses in typologically different languages produced conflicting results. The present study aimed to investigate relative clause processing in Turkish and to test the predictions of the accounts of relative clause processing.

Method: Thirty-six Turkish adult monolinguals took part in an eye-tracking experiment. Eye movements of the participants were recorded while they read Turkish sentences with subject and object relative clauses.

Results: Analyses of both comprehension scores and eye-movement measures indicated a disadvantage in processing Turkish ORCs as revealed by more comprehension errors and elevated total reading times as well as more regressions. Furthermore, a corpus analysis conducted using a balanced corpus of Turkish revealed that SRCs are more frequent than ORCs in Turkish.

Conclusion: The results are discussed with respect to the predictions of the relative clause processing accounts. It is suggested that a combination of factors including syntactic structure, structural frequency and morphological information shapes and constrains processing patterns of relative clauses.

Keywords

Turkish, relative clause processing, eye-tracking, corpus analysis, syntax, frequency, morphology

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Bulut, T., Hung, Y. H., Tzeng, O., & Wu, D. H. (2017). Neural correlates of processing sentences and compound words in Chinese. Plos One, 12(12), e0188526.
Bulut, T., Uysal, H., & Wu, D. H. (2016). Processing asymmetry between subject and object relative clauses in English as a second language. Dilbilim Dergisi, 1(29), 45-68.
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Türkçe İlgi Tümceciklerinin Anlaşılması: Göz İzleme ve Derlem Çalışması

Year 2019, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 211 - 246, 13.01.2020

Talat Bulut Emine Yarar Denise Hsien Wu

Abstract

Amaç: Önceki çalışmalarda İngilizce özne ilgi tümceciklerinin (xÖİT) nesne ilgi tümceciklerine (NİT) kıyasla daha kolay bir şekilde anlaşıldığı gösterilmiştir. ÖİT ve NİT arasındaki bu bakışımsızlığı açıklamak amacıyla çeşitli varsayımlar ortaya atılmıştır. Çizgisel Uzaklık Varsayımı, boşluk-dolgu gibi bağımlılıklar arasındaki çizgisel uzaklığın (araya giren sözcük sayısının) bu yapıların işlemlenme hızını etkilediğini iddia etmektedir. Yapısal Uzaklık Varsayımına göre ise bu tür bağımlılıkların işlemlenmesindeki belirleyici faktör, boşluğun sözdizim ağacının ne kadar derinlerinde yer aldığı, yani boşluk ile dolgu arasında ne kadar budak olduğudur. Tümce işlemleme desenlerini etkilediği öne sürülen bir diğer etken ise ilgili yapıların sıklığıdır. Sıklığı temel alan yaklaşımlara göre bir dilde sıkça kullanılan yapılar, daha az kullanılan yapılara göre daha kolay bir şekilde işlemlenmektedir. Bu üç farklı varsayım İngilizce gibi baş-ilk dillerde aynı öngörüde bulunarak ÖİT’nin NİT’ye göre daha kolay bir şekilde işlemleneceğini öne sürmektedir. Türkçe gibi baş-son dillerde ise çizgisel ve yapısal uzaklığın öngörüleri farklılaşmakta, Çizgisel Uzaklık Varsayımına göre NİT’nin, Yapısal Uzaklık Varsayımına göre ise ÖİT’nin daha kolay işlemleneceği beklenmektedir. Türkçede daha önce dengeli bir derlem kullanılarak ÖİT ve NİT’ye ilişkin sıklık bilgileri incelenmemiş olup, mevcut çalışma kapsamında dengeli bir derlem kullanılarak bu yapıların sıklığı belirlenecek, böylelikle yapısal sıklığı temel alan yaklaşımların bakışımsızlığın yönüne ilişkin öngörüsü tespit edilecektir. Çalışmanın amacı yukarıda bahsedilen tümce işlemleme kuramlarının Türkçe ilgi tümceciklerinin işlemleme sürecine ilişkin olarak ortaya koyduğu hipotezlerin test edilmesidir.

Yöntem: Çalışma kapsamında bir göz izleme deneyi gerçekleştirilmiş, anadili Türkçe olan otuz altı tek dilli yetişkin deneye katılmıştır. Katılımcılar ÖİT ve NİT içeren tümceler okurken göz izleme cihazı ile göz hareketleri kaydı alınmıştır. Deney tümceleri içerisinde ilgi alanları şu şekilde belirlenmiştir: ilgi tümceciği içerisindeki ad ve eylem, baş sözcük, taşma alanı ve ana tümcenin eylemi. Her bir ilgi alanı üzerinde katılımcıların sergilediği ilk sabitleme süreleri, toplam okuma süreleri ve geriye dönüşler (regresyonlar) analiz edilmiştir. Göz izleme çalışmasına ek olarak sırasıyla ÖİT ve NİT belirten -(y)An ve -DIK+iyelik biçimbirimlerinin sıklıkları, Türkçe Ulusal Derlemi kullanılarak tespit edilmiştir.

Bulgular: ÖİT içeren tümcelere kıyasla NİT içeren tümcelerde daha fazla anlama hataları yapılmış, katılımcılar NİT içeren tümcelerde daha fazla toplam okuma süreleri ve geriye dönüşler sergilemiştir. Dolayısıyla hem anlaşılma oranları hem de göz hareketleri bakımından NİT yapılarının ÖİT yapılarına göre daha fazla işlemleme güçlüğünü beraberinde getirdiği saptanmıştır. Bu farklılık baş sözcüğün hemen ardından gelen taşma alanında görülmüştür. Derlem incelemesi neticesinde ise Türkçede -(y)An biçimbirimi ile kurulan ÖİT yapılarının -DIK+iyelik biçimbirimleriyle kurulan NİT yapılarına göre daha sık kullanıldığı saptanmıştır.

Sonuç: Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular, İngilizce gibi baş-ilk dillerde elde edilen sonuçlara benzer olarak baş-son Türkçede ÖİT’nin, NİT’ye göre daha kolay işlemlendiğini göstermiştir. Bu sonuç, sözdizimsel yapıyı temel alan Yapısal Uzaklık Varsayımının öngörüleriyle örtüşmekte, Çizgisel Uzaklık Varsayımının tahminleriyle uyuşmamaktadır. Bununla birlikte elde edilen bulgular yapısal sıklığı temel alan yaklaşımların öngörüleri ile de tutarlı görünmektedir. Genel olarak bakıldığında çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular birçok dilde gözlenen ÖİT ve NİT bakışımsızlığını desteklemektedir. Çalışma neticesinde sözdizimsel yapı, yapısal sıklık ve morfolojik bilgiler dahil olmak üzere bir dizi faktörün, ilgi tümceciklerinin işlemlenme desenini şekillendirdiği ve sınırlandırdığı sonucuna varılmıştır.

Keywords

Türkçe, ilgi tümceciklerinin işlemlenmesi, göz izleme, derlem incelemesi, sözdizim, sıklık, morfoloji

References

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Aydın, Ö. (2007). The comprehension of Turkish relative clauses in second language acquisition and agrammatism. Applied Psycholinguistics, 28, 295-315.
Aydın, Ö., & Zagvozdkina, V. (2019). İlgi Tümceciklerinin işlemlemesinde özne-nesne bakışımsızlığı, Yay. İşeri, K., Çapan Tekin, S., Aydın Öztürk, E. Sözmez Öz, E, Schneider, Z. Dilbilimde Güncel Tartışmalar 2019 (pp. 47-57). Ankara: Dilbilim Derneği Yayınları.
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Bulut, T., Hung, Y. H., Tzeng, O., & Wu, D. H. (2017). Neural correlates of processing sentences and compound words in Chinese. Plos One, 12(12), e0188526.
Bulut, T., Uysal, H., & Wu, D. H. (2016). Processing asymmetry between subject and object relative clauses in English as a second language. Dilbilim Dergisi, 1(29), 45-68.
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Chen, B.G., Ning, A.H., Bi, H.Y., & Dunlap, S. (2008). Chinese subject-relative clauses are more difficult to process than the object-relative clauses. Acta Psychologica, 129, 61-65. 240.
Cheng, T., Wu, J. T., & Huang, S. (2018). Use of memory-load interference in processing spoken Chinese relative clauses. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 47(5), 1035-1055.
Cohen, L., & Mehler, J. (1996). Click monitoring revisited: An on-line study of sentence comprehension. Memory and Cognition, 24, 94-102.
Collins, C. (1994). Economy of derivation and the Generalized Proper Binding Condition. Linguistic Inquiry, 25, 45–61.
Ekmekçi, Ö. (1990). Acquisition of relativization in Turkish. Fifth international conference on Turkish linguistics. SOAS, University of London, England.
Frauenfelder, U., Segui, J., & Mehler, J. (1980). Monitoring around the relative clause. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 328-337.
Frazier, L. (1987). Syntactic processing: Evidence from Dutch. Natural Language and Linguistics Theory, 5, 519-559.
Frazier, L., & Rayner, K. (1982). Making and correcting errors during sentence comprehension: Eye movements in the analysis of structurally ambiguous sentences. Cognitive Psychology, 14, 178-210.
Gennari, S. P., & MacDonald, M. C. (2008). Semantic indeterminacy in object relative clauses. Journal of Memory and Language, 58, 161-187.
Gibson, E. (1998). Linguistic complexity: Locality of syntactic dependencies. Cognition, 68, 1-76.
Gibson, E. (2000). The dependency locality theory: A distance-based theory of linguistic complexity. In Y. Miyashita, A. Marantz, & W. O’Neil (Eds.), Image, language, brain (pp. 95-126). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
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Hale, J. (2001). A probabilistic Earley parser as a psycholinguistic model. In Proceedings of the second meeting of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Language Technologies (pp. 1-8). Association for Computational Linguistics.
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Primary Language	English
Subjects	Health Care Administration
Journal Section	Research Article
Authors	Talat Bulut Emine Yarar Denise Hsien Wu This is me
Publication Date	January 13, 2020
Published in Issue	Year 2019 Volume: 2 Issue: 3

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APA	Bulut, T., Yarar, E., & Wu, D. H. (2020). Comprehension of Turkish Relative Clauses: Evidence from Eye-tracking and Corpus Analysis. Dil Konuşma Ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 211-246.
AMA	Bulut T, Yarar E, Wu DH. Comprehension of Turkish Relative Clauses: Evidence from Eye-tracking and Corpus Analysis. DKYAD. January 2020;2(3):211-246.
Chicago	Bulut, Talat, Emine Yarar, and Denise Hsien Wu. “Comprehension of Turkish Relative Clauses: Evidence from Eye-Tracking and Corpus Analysis”. Dil Konuşma Ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi 2, no. 3 (January 2020): 211-46.
EndNote	Bulut T, Yarar E, Wu DH (January 1, 2020) Comprehension of Turkish Relative Clauses: Evidence from Eye-tracking and Corpus Analysis. Dil Konuşma ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi 2 3 211–246.
IEEE	T. Bulut, E. Yarar, and D. H. Wu, “Comprehension of Turkish Relative Clauses: Evidence from Eye-tracking and Corpus Analysis”, DKYAD, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 211–246, 2020.
ISNAD	Bulut, Talat et al. “Comprehension of Turkish Relative Clauses: Evidence from Eye-Tracking and Corpus Analysis”. Dil Konuşma ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi 2/3 (January 2020), 211-246.
JAMA	Bulut T, Yarar E, Wu DH. Comprehension of Turkish Relative Clauses: Evidence from Eye-tracking and Corpus Analysis. DKYAD. 2020;2:211–246.
MLA	Bulut, Talat et al. “Comprehension of Turkish Relative Clauses: Evidence from Eye-Tracking and Corpus Analysis”. Dil Konuşma Ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 2, no. 3, 2020, pp. 211-46.
Vancouver	Bulut T, Yarar E, Wu DH. Comprehension of Turkish Relative Clauses: Evidence from Eye-tracking and Corpus Analysis. DKYAD. 2020;2(3):211-46.

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