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The Color Liking and Object Color Preferences of 48-84 Month-old Children According to the Gender

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 163 - 178, 31.08.2023

Aysel Ferah Özcan Hilal İlknur Tunçeli

Abstract

This study used a descriptive approach to determine the color liking and object color preferences of 48–84-month-old children. A total of 359 children participated, including 137 kindergarteners and 212 first graders. The information was gathered through the participants' verbal responses to questions on their three favorite and three least favorite colors: t-shirt, trousers, bag, ball, school, house, hair, and tree. According to the study, young children preferred bright, warm colors like pink, red, and blue over darker colors like black and neutral shades of brown and gray. Pink was the color that boys participants detested the most. Girls and boys differed in their rankings of preferred clothing colors for items like T-shirts (pink, blue, and yellow) and trousers (pink, blue, black, and red), for example. Pink, red, blue, white, and yellow were the colors that young children preferred for settings like home and school. Consequently, the study's implications suggest that the design of educational environments, attention-capturing instructional materials, textbooks, and child-specific consumer products should all consider the color preferences of children.

Keywords

color gender color preferences early childhood children

Thanks

We would like to thank Eslem Gozde SENOZ for her precious contribution to the study.

References

  • Alexander, G. M. (2003). An evolutionary perspectives of sex-typed toy preferences: Pink, blue and the brain. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32, 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021833110722.
  • Al-Rasheed, A. S. (2015). An experimental study of gender and cultural differences in hue preference. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 30. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00030
  • Baniani, M. (2022). The association between colors, color preferences, and emotions among Japanese students: From elementary school to university. Color Research & Application, e22774. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22774.
  • Boyatzis, C. J., & Varghese, R. (1994). Children's emotional associations with colors. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 155(1), 77-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.1994.9914760.
  • Chattopadhyay, A., Gorn, G. J., & Drake, P. (2010). Differences and similarities in hue preferences between Chinese and Caucasians. In A. Krishna (Ed.), Sensory marketing: Research on the sensuality of products (pp. 219–239). New York: Taylor and Francis Group.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Pearson. Boston, MA:
  • Dittmar, M. (2001). Changing colour preferences with ageing: A comparative study on younger and older native Germans aged 19–90 years. Gerontology, 47(4), 219-226. 10.1159/000052802.
  • Ekiz, D. (2009). Scientific research methods. Anı publishing. Ankara
  • Engelbrecht, K. (2003). The impact of color on learning. Perkins & Will. Chicago, IL
  • Gaines, K. S., & Curry, Z. D. (2011). The Inclusive Classroom: The Effects of Color on Learning and Behavior. Journal of Family & Consumer Sciences Education, 29(1).
  • Gyu “Phillip” Park, J. (2014). Correlations between color attributes and children's color preferences. Color Research & Application, 39(5), 452-462. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.21801.
  • Hurlbert, A. C., & Ling, Y. (2007). Biological components of sex differences in color preference. Current Biology, 17, 623–625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.06.022.
  • Jadva, V., Hines, M., & Golombok, S. (2010). Infants’ preferences for toys, colors and shapes: Sex differences and similarities. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 1261–1273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-010-9618-z.
  • Katz, S. E., & Breed, F. S. (1922). The Color Preferences of Children. Journal of Applied Psychology, 6(3), 255–266. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0075274
  • Kilinc, N. (2011). Clothing color preferences of boys and girls aged between six and nine. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 39(10), 1359-1366.
  • Imhof, M. (2004). Effects of color stimulation on handwriting performance of children with ADHD without and with additional learning disabilities. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 13, 191-198. 10.1007/s00787-004-0371-5.
  • LoBue, V., & DeLoache, J. S. (2011). Pretty in pink: The early development of gender‐stereotyped colour preferences. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 29(3), 656-667. 10.1111/j.2044-835X.2011.02027.x.
  • Martin, C. L., & Halverson, C. F. (1981). A schematic processing model of sex typing and stereotyping in children. Child Development, 52, 1119–1134. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129498.
  • Maxwell, L. E. (2000). A safe and welcoming school: What students, teachers, and parents think. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 17(4), 271–282.
  • Maxwell, L. E., & Chmielewski, E. J. (2008). Environmental personalization and elementary school children’s self-esteem. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28, 143–153. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.10.009.
  • Meerum Terwogt, M., & Hoeslma, J. B. (1995). Colors and emotions: Preferences and combinations. Journal of General Psychology, 122(1), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1995.9921217.
  • Mohebbi, M. (2014). Investigating the gender-based colour preference in children. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 112, 827-831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1238.
  • Morton, J. (1998). Color voodoo for the office. Retrieved from Colorcom.com.
  • Mousavi Samimi, P., & Sadraei Tabatabaei, N. (2022). Preschool children's indoor and outdoor playground HSV color preferences. Color Research & Application, 47(3), 745-757.
  • Nourmusavi Nasab, S., Karimi Azeri, A. R., & Mirbazel, S. (2020). Ideal physical features of environmental design in children’s hospital: Using children’s perspectives. Facilities, 38(5/6), 445-466. https://doi.org/10.1108/F-03-2019-0032.
  • Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using IBM SPSS. Ankara: Anı publishing.
  • Palmer, S. E., & Schloss, K. B. (2010). An ecological valence theory of human color preference. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(19), 8877-8882.
  • Pranckevičienė, A., Žardeckaitė-Matulaitienė, K., & Soikinaitė, I. (2009). Pradinių klasių mokinių spalviniai prioritetai ir spalvų pasirinkimas spalvinant žmogaus piešinius. Psichologija, 39, 31-44. ISSN 1392-0359. PSICHOLOGIJA. 2009 39
  • Read, M. A. (2003). Use of color in child care environments: Application of color for wayfinding and space definition in Alabama child care centers. Early Childhood Education Journal, 30(4), 233–239. doi:10.1023/A:1023387607942.
  • Read, M. A., & Upington, D. (2009). Young children’s color preferences in the interior environment. Early Childhood Education Journal, 36(6), 491-496.
  • Robson, C. (2015). Scientific research methods, Real world research. Anı publishing. Ankara
  • Pitchford, N. J., & Mullen, K. T. (2005). The role of perception, language, and preference in the developmental acquisition of basic color terms. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 90(4), 275-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2004.12.005.
  • Walsh, L. M., Toma, R. B., Tuveson, R. V., & Sondhi, L. (1990). Color preference and food choice among children. The Journal of Psychology, 124(6), 645-653. DOI: 10.1080/00223980.1990.10543258.
  • Weisgram, E. S., Fulcher, M., & Dinella, L. M. (2014). Pink gives girls permission: Exploring the roles of explicit gender labels and gender-typed colors on preschool children's toy preferences. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 35(5), 401-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2014.06.004.
  • Wong, W. I., & Hines, M. (2015b). Preferences for pink and blue: The development of color preferences as a distinct gender-typed behavior in toddlers. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(5), 1243–1254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0489-1.
  • Yeung, S.P., Wong, W.I. (2018). Gender labels on gender-neutral colors: do they affect children’s color preferences and play performance?. Sex Roles. 79, 260–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0875-3.
  • Zentner, M. R. (2001). Preferences for colours and colour‐‐emotion combinations in early childhood. Developmental Science, 4(4), 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7687.00180

48-84 Aylık Çocukların Cinsiyete Göre Renk Beğenileri ve Nesne Renk Tercihleri

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 163 - 178, 31.08.2023

Aysel Ferah Özcan Hilal İlknur Tunçeli

Abstract

48-84 aylık çocukların ren beğenileri ve nesne-varlık renk tercihlerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılan bu araştırma betimsel tarama modelinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmaya 137 anasınıfı, 212 ilkokul birinci sınıf öğrencisi olmak üzere toplam 359 öğrenci katılmıştır. Veriler, en sevdiği-sevmediği üç renk; tişört-pantolon, çanta, top, okul, ev, saç ve ağacın rengini belirlemeye yönelik katılımcılara sözel olarak sorulan sorulara verilen yanıtlardan elde edilmiştir. Katılımcıların renk beğenileri ve nesne-varlık renk tercihleri cinsiyet ve yaş düzeyine göre yüzdelik olarak hesaplanmıştır. Araştırmada küçük çocukların daha çok pembe, kırmızı, mavi gibi parlak ve sıcak renkleri sevdikleri; en sevmedikleri renklerin ise siyah ve kahverengi, gri gibi renkler olduğu belirlenmiştir. Erkek katılımcıların en sevmedikleri renkler arasında pembe gelmektedir. Tişört (pembe, mavi, sarı) ve pantolon (pembe, mavi, siyah, kırmızı) gibi giysilere yönelik renk tercihlerinin kız ve erkekler arasında sıralamalarının değiştiği görülmüştür. Saç gibi doğal nesne ve ağaç gibi doğal bir varlığa yönelik renk tercihlerinde ise gerçekçi dönemin ve çocukların oyuncaklarında kullanılan renklerin izleri olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Küçük çocukların ev ve okul gibi mekân renk tercihleri ise pembe, kırmızı, mavi, beyaz ve sarı gibi renklerde yoğunlaşmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda çocukların en beğendikleri renklerin okul ortamı tasarımlarında, eğitim durumları düzenlenmesi esnasında dikkat çekme ve ders işleniş materyallerinde, ders kitaplarında ve çocuğa özgü üretim yapan sektörlerde dikkate alınması önerilmiştir

Keywords

renk cinsiyet renk tercihi erken çocukluk çocuklar

References

  • Alexander, G. M. (2003). An evolutionary perspectives of sex-typed toy preferences: Pink, blue and the brain. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32, 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021833110722.
  • Al-Rasheed, A. S. (2015). An experimental study of gender and cultural differences in hue preference. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 30. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00030
  • Baniani, M. (2022). The association between colors, color preferences, and emotions among Japanese students: From elementary school to university. Color Research & Application, e22774. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22774.
  • Boyatzis, C. J., & Varghese, R. (1994). Children's emotional associations with colors. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 155(1), 77-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.1994.9914760.
  • Chattopadhyay, A., Gorn, G. J., & Drake, P. (2010). Differences and similarities in hue preferences between Chinese and Caucasians. In A. Krishna (Ed.), Sensory marketing: Research on the sensuality of products (pp. 219–239). New York: Taylor and Francis Group.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Pearson. Boston, MA:
  • Dittmar, M. (2001). Changing colour preferences with ageing: A comparative study on younger and older native Germans aged 19–90 years. Gerontology, 47(4), 219-226. 10.1159/000052802.
  • Ekiz, D. (2009). Scientific research methods. Anı publishing. Ankara
  • Engelbrecht, K. (2003). The impact of color on learning. Perkins & Will. Chicago, IL
  • Gaines, K. S., & Curry, Z. D. (2011). The Inclusive Classroom: The Effects of Color on Learning and Behavior. Journal of Family & Consumer Sciences Education, 29(1).
  • Gyu “Phillip” Park, J. (2014). Correlations between color attributes and children's color preferences. Color Research & Application, 39(5), 452-462. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.21801.
  • Hurlbert, A. C., & Ling, Y. (2007). Biological components of sex differences in color preference. Current Biology, 17, 623–625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.06.022.
  • Jadva, V., Hines, M., & Golombok, S. (2010). Infants’ preferences for toys, colors and shapes: Sex differences and similarities. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 1261–1273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-010-9618-z.
  • Katz, S. E., & Breed, F. S. (1922). The Color Preferences of Children. Journal of Applied Psychology, 6(3), 255–266. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0075274
  • Kilinc, N. (2011). Clothing color preferences of boys and girls aged between six and nine. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 39(10), 1359-1366.
  • Imhof, M. (2004). Effects of color stimulation on handwriting performance of children with ADHD without and with additional learning disabilities. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 13, 191-198. 10.1007/s00787-004-0371-5.
  • LoBue, V., & DeLoache, J. S. (2011). Pretty in pink: The early development of gender‐stereotyped colour preferences. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 29(3), 656-667. 10.1111/j.2044-835X.2011.02027.x.
  • Martin, C. L., & Halverson, C. F. (1981). A schematic processing model of sex typing and stereotyping in children. Child Development, 52, 1119–1134. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129498.
  • Maxwell, L. E. (2000). A safe and welcoming school: What students, teachers, and parents think. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 17(4), 271–282.
  • Maxwell, L. E., & Chmielewski, E. J. (2008). Environmental personalization and elementary school children’s self-esteem. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28, 143–153. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.10.009.
  • Meerum Terwogt, M., & Hoeslma, J. B. (1995). Colors and emotions: Preferences and combinations. Journal of General Psychology, 122(1), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1995.9921217.
  • Mohebbi, M. (2014). Investigating the gender-based colour preference in children. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 112, 827-831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1238.
  • Morton, J. (1998). Color voodoo for the office. Retrieved from Colorcom.com.
  • Mousavi Samimi, P., & Sadraei Tabatabaei, N. (2022). Preschool children's indoor and outdoor playground HSV color preferences. Color Research & Application, 47(3), 745-757.
  • Nourmusavi Nasab, S., Karimi Azeri, A. R., & Mirbazel, S. (2020). Ideal physical features of environmental design in children’s hospital: Using children’s perspectives. Facilities, 38(5/6), 445-466. https://doi.org/10.1108/F-03-2019-0032.
  • Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using IBM SPSS. Ankara: Anı publishing.
  • Palmer, S. E., & Schloss, K. B. (2010). An ecological valence theory of human color preference. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(19), 8877-8882.
  • Pranckevičienė, A., Žardeckaitė-Matulaitienė, K., & Soikinaitė, I. (2009). Pradinių klasių mokinių spalviniai prioritetai ir spalvų pasirinkimas spalvinant žmogaus piešinius. Psichologija, 39, 31-44. ISSN 1392-0359. PSICHOLOGIJA. 2009 39
  • Read, M. A. (2003). Use of color in child care environments: Application of color for wayfinding and space definition in Alabama child care centers. Early Childhood Education Journal, 30(4), 233–239. doi:10.1023/A:1023387607942.
  • Read, M. A., & Upington, D. (2009). Young children’s color preferences in the interior environment. Early Childhood Education Journal, 36(6), 491-496.
  • Robson, C. (2015). Scientific research methods, Real world research. Anı publishing. Ankara
  • Pitchford, N. J., & Mullen, K. T. (2005). The role of perception, language, and preference in the developmental acquisition of basic color terms. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 90(4), 275-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2004.12.005.
  • Walsh, L. M., Toma, R. B., Tuveson, R. V., & Sondhi, L. (1990). Color preference and food choice among children. The Journal of Psychology, 124(6), 645-653. DOI: 10.1080/00223980.1990.10543258.
  • Weisgram, E. S., Fulcher, M., & Dinella, L. M. (2014). Pink gives girls permission: Exploring the roles of explicit gender labels and gender-typed colors on preschool children's toy preferences. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 35(5), 401-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2014.06.004.
  • Wong, W. I., & Hines, M. (2015b). Preferences for pink and blue: The development of color preferences as a distinct gender-typed behavior in toddlers. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(5), 1243–1254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0489-1.
  • Yeung, S.P., Wong, W.I. (2018). Gender labels on gender-neutral colors: do they affect children’s color preferences and play performance?. Sex Roles. 79, 260–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0875-3.
  • Zentner, M. R. (2001). Preferences for colours and colour‐‐emotion combinations in early childhood. Developmental Science, 4(4), 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7687.00180
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Early Childhood Education
Journal Section Article
Authors

Aysel Ferah Özcan 0000-0002-9196-4838

Hilal İlknur Tunçeli 0000-0001-5305-5206

Early Pub Date September 4, 2023
Publication Date August 31, 2023
Submission Date August 3, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ferah Özcan, A., & Tunçeli, H. İ. (2023). The Color Liking and Object Color Preferences of 48-84 Month-old Children According to the Gender. Eğitim Kuram Ve Uygulama Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(2), 163-178.
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