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ADAM KAYIRMANIN ÖNCÜLÜ OLARAK MAKYAVELİZM: AMPRİK BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Year 2023, Volume: 19 Issue: 1, 174 - 186, 24.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1122457

Abstract

İnsanlar veya örgütler, kaynakların elde edilmesi veya çoğaltmasına yönelik girişimlerde bulunurlar. Kişisel girişimlerden biri de evlilik veya akrabalık bağı kurma ya da sosyal bağları kullanarak kaynak artırmaktır. Sosyal bağların kaynakları artırmaya dönük çabası olarak nepotizmi değerlendirmek mümkündür. Nepotizm, genellikle insan kaynakları yönetimi ve kültürel perspektiften ele alınmaktadır. Nepotizm ve kişiliğin davranışsal özellikleriyle meydana gelen kombinasyonla bu araştırma, kendinden öncekilerden farklılaşmaktadır. Bu araştırmada, kaynak yaratma stratejisiyle ünlenen Makyavelizmin nepotizme etkisini incelemek amaçlanmaktadır. Araştırmada, klinik olmayan Makyavelist kişilik özelliklerinin insan kaynakları yönetimi işlevlerinden terfi ve işe alma sürecini etkileyişine yönelik kavramları birleştirmeye odaklanılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini, Adana’daki enerji sektöründe faaliyet gösteren şirketler oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama yöntemi olarak araştırmada anket tekniği kullanılmıştır. Kolayda örnekleme tekniğiyle 243 katılımcıya ulaşılmıştır. Makyavelizm ile terfide kayırmacılık ve işe alımda kayırmacılık arasında pozitif ve anlamlı bir ilişki bulunduğu görülmüştür. Bu araştırma, örgütlerde sosyal bağları olmayan çalışanlara ilişkin çıktıları ele almamaktadır ve sadece kişilik psikolojisi bağlamında Makyavelistlerin, nepotizmden faydalanma eğilimlerine odaklanmaktadır.

References

  • Abdalla, H. F., Maghrabi, A. S., & Raggad, B. G. (1998). Assessing the perceptions of human resource managers toward nepotism, a crosscultural study. International Journal of Manpower, 19(8), 554-570.
  • Abramo, G., D’Angelo, C. A. & Rosati, F. (2014). Relatives in the same university faculty: nepotism or merit?. Scientometrics, 101,737–749
  • Aldraehim, M., Sylvia, E., Jason, W. & Taizan, C. (2012). Cultural impact on e-service use in Saudi Arabia: The role of nepotism. International Journal for Infonomics, 5(3-4), 655-662. This file was downloaded from: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/59936/
  • Arasli, H., & Tumer, M. (2008). Nepotism, favoritism and cronyism: a study of their effects on job stress and job satisfaction in the banking industry of North Cyprus. Social Behavior and Personality, 36(9), 1237-1250
  • Asunakutlu, T., & Avcı, U. (2010). Aile işletmelerinde nepotizm algısı ve iş tatminini ilişkisini üzerine bir araştırma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(2), 93-109.
  • Basterretxea, I., Heras-Saizarbitoria, I. & Lertxundi, A. (2019). Can employee ownership and human resource management policies clash in worker cooperatives? Lessons from a defunct cooperative. Human Resource Management, 58, 585-601.
  • Book, A., Methot, T., Gauthier, N., Hosker-Field, A., Forth, A., Quinsey, V., & Molnar, D. (2015). The mask of sanity revisited: Psychopathic traits and affective mimicry. Evolutionary Psychological Science 1, 91-102.
  • Book, A., Visser, B., & Volk, A. (2015). Unpacking “evil”: Claiming the core of the Dark Triad, Personality and Individual Differences, 73, 29-38.
  • Budwar, P. S. & Brauch, Y. (2003). Career management practices in India: an empirical study. International Journal of Manpower, 24(6), 699-719.
  • Boutilier, R. (2009). Globalization and the careers of Mexican knowledge workers: An Exploratory study of employer and worker adaptations. Journal of Business Ethics, 88: 319-333. DOI 10.1007/s10551-009-0284-9.
  • Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (2001). Quantitative data analysis with SPSS 12 and 13: A guide for social scientists. London and New York: Taylor&Francis Group.
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistic using SPSS for windows. SAGE Publications, London.
  • Gomez, C., & Sanchez, J. I. (2005). Managing HR to build social capital in Latin America within MNCs. Edited by Marta M. Elvira and Anabella Davila. Managing Human Resources in Latin America an Agenda for International Leader, 57-74. London: Routledge.
  • Greene, M., & Low, K. 2014. Public integrity, private hypocrisy, and the moral licensing effect. Social Behavior and Personality, 42(3): 391-400.
  • Griffiths, P. E. (2003). Basic emotions, complex emotions, Machiavellian emotions. Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement, 52, 39–67. doi: 10.1017/S1358246100007888
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2009). Multivariate data analysis. N.J.: Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River.
  • Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). Primer on partial least square structural equations modeling (PLS-SEM), (2nd Ed.). Sage, Thousand Oaks.
  • Hansen, L., & Baker, D. L. (2017). “Corporate Psychopaths” in Public Agencies?, Journal of Public Management & Social Policy, Spring, 21-41
  • Hayajneh, A. F., Dwairi, M. A., & Udeh, I. E. (1994). Nepotism as a dilemma for managing human resources overseas. Journal of Transnational Management Development, 1(1), 51-73.
  • Hobfoll, S. E. (1989),.Conservation of Resources: A New Attempt at Conceptualizing Stress. American Psychologist, 44: 513-524. doi:10.1037/ 0003-066X.44.3.513
  • Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). Social Support and Stress. (Eds. Neil J. Smelser, Paul B. Baltes), In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Pergamon, 14461-14465. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767038237
  • Hobfoll, S. E. & Ford, J. (2007). Conservation of resources theory. In Encyclopedia of Stress (Second Edition), pp. 562-567.
  • Ignatowski, G., Stopczynski, B., & Trebska, J. (2019). Paradox of nepotism in enterprises in Poland and Ukraine: Social capital perspective. Marketing and Management of Innovations, 2, 295-313. http://doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2019.2-25
  • Im, H., & Chen, C. (2019). Cultural dimensions as correlates of favoritism and the mediating role of trust. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/gmk,
  • Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2010). The dirty dozen: A concise measure of the dark triad Psychological Assessment, 22, 420-432, 10.1037/a0019265
  • Jonason, P. K., & Webster , G. D. (2012). A protean approach to social influence: Dark Triad personalities and social influence tactics. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(4), 521-526.
  • Jones, R. G. (2012). Defining a psychlogy of nepotism. (Ed.) Jones, R. G. Nepotism in organizations. New York, NY: Routledge, 1-10.
  • Jones, D. N. & Paulhus, D. L. (2010). Different provocations trigger aggression in narcissits and psychopaths. Social and Personality Psychology Sciences, 1, 12-18.
  • Jones D. N. & Paulhus D.L. (2014). Introducing the short dark triad (SD3): A brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28-41.
  • Jordan, J., Mullen, E., and Murnighan, J. K. (2011). Striving for the moral self: The effects of recalling past moral actions on future moral behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(5), 701–713.
  • Keles, H. N., Ozkan, T. K. & Bezirci, M. (2011). A study on the effects of nepotism, favoritism and cronyism on organizational trust in the auditing process in family businesses in Turkey. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 10(9), 9-16.
  • Kong, M., Xin, J., Xu, W., Li, H., & Xu, D. (2020). The moral licensing effect between work effort and unethical pro-organizational behavior: The moderating influence of Confucian value. Asia Pac J Manag (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-020-09736-8
  • Kragh, S. U. (2012). The anthropology of nepotism: Social distance and reciprocity in organizations in developing countries. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 12(2), 247–265
  • Krupp, D. B., Sewall, L. A., Lalumière, M. L., Sheriff, C., & Harris, G. T. (2013). Psychopathy, adaptation, and disorder. Frontiers in Psychology, 4(139), 1–5. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00139.
  • Lievens, F., Conway, J. M., & De Corte, W. 2008. The relative importance of task, citizenship and counterproductive performance to job performance ratings: Do rater source and team-based culture matter? Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 81(1), 11–27.
  • Lillienfeld, S., Waldman, I., Landfield, K., Watts, A., Rubenzer, S. & Faschingbauer, T. (2012). Fearless dominance and the US presidency: Implications of psychopathic personality traits for successful and unsuccessful political leadership, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 489-505, 10.1037/a0029392
  • Özsoy, E., Rauthmann, J. F., Jonason, P. K., & Ardıç, K. (2017). Reliability and validity of Turkish version of Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDD-T), Short Dark Triad (SD3-T) and Single Item Narcissism Scale (SINS-T). Personality and Individual Differences, 117, 11-14.
  • Padgett, M. Y., Padgett, R.J., & Morris, K. A. (2015). Perceptions of nepotism beneficiaries: the hidden price of using a family connection to obtain a job. Journal of Business and Psychology, 30(2), 283-298.
  • Rodén, M. L. (1196). Cardinal Decıo Azzolıno and The Problem of Papal Nepotısm. Archivum Historiae Pontificiae, 34, 127-157.
  • Ponzo, M., & Scoppa, V. (2010). The use of informal networks in Italy: Efficiency or favouritism? The Journal of Socio-Economics, 39(1), 89-99.
  • Rajpaul-Baptiste, C. (2018). Antecedents and consequences of nepotism: A Social psychological exploration. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis, University of Kent, UK.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of signicance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Simbrunner, P., & Schlegelmilch, B. B. (2017). Moral licensing: A culture-moderated meta-analysis. Management Review Quarterly, 67(4), 201–225.
  • Sroka, W. & Vveinhardt, J. (2017). Nepotısm and favorıtısm ın the steel sector: Are these phenomena prevalent? . Innovation Management, Entrepreneurship and Sustainability (IMES 2017) 957-962.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
  • Wated, G., & Sanchez, J. I. (2015). Managerial tolerance of nepotism: The effects of individualism-collectivism in a Latin American Context. J Bus Ethics, 130, 45-57.
  • Vveinhardt, J. & Petrauskaitė, L. (2013). Nepotizmo, favoritizmo ir protekcionizmo trianguliacijos koncepcinis modelis. Organızacıjų Vadyba: Sıstemınıaı

MACHIAVELISM AS THE ANTECEDENT OF NEPOTISM: AN EMPRICAL RESEARCH

Year 2023, Volume: 19 Issue: 1, 174 - 186, 24.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1122457

Abstract

People or organizations initiate to obtain or multiply resources. One of the personal initiatives is to increase resources by establishing marriage or kinship or using social networks. It is possible to evaluate nepotism as an effort of social networks to increase resources. Nepotism is often handled through a human resource management and cultural perspective. This research differs from the previous researches due to the combination of nepotism and behavioral traits of personality. In this research, it is aimed to examine the effect of Machiavellianism, which has become famous for its fundraising strategy on nepotism. The research focuses on combining the concepts of non-clinical Machiavellian personality traits influencing the recruitment process and promotion from human resource management functions. The universe of the research consists of companies serving in the energy sector in Adana. Questionnaire technique has been used as data collection method in the research. 243 participants have been reached through the convenience sampling technique. It has been seen that there is a positive and significant relation between Machiavellianism, nepotism in promotion and nepotism in recruitment. This research does not examine the outputs of employees who do not have social networks in organizations but deals with the Machiavellian tendencies to take advantage of nepotism only in terms of personality psychology.

References

  • Abdalla, H. F., Maghrabi, A. S., & Raggad, B. G. (1998). Assessing the perceptions of human resource managers toward nepotism, a crosscultural study. International Journal of Manpower, 19(8), 554-570.
  • Abramo, G., D’Angelo, C. A. & Rosati, F. (2014). Relatives in the same university faculty: nepotism or merit?. Scientometrics, 101,737–749
  • Aldraehim, M., Sylvia, E., Jason, W. & Taizan, C. (2012). Cultural impact on e-service use in Saudi Arabia: The role of nepotism. International Journal for Infonomics, 5(3-4), 655-662. This file was downloaded from: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/59936/
  • Arasli, H., & Tumer, M. (2008). Nepotism, favoritism and cronyism: a study of their effects on job stress and job satisfaction in the banking industry of North Cyprus. Social Behavior and Personality, 36(9), 1237-1250
  • Asunakutlu, T., & Avcı, U. (2010). Aile işletmelerinde nepotizm algısı ve iş tatminini ilişkisini üzerine bir araştırma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(2), 93-109.
  • Basterretxea, I., Heras-Saizarbitoria, I. & Lertxundi, A. (2019). Can employee ownership and human resource management policies clash in worker cooperatives? Lessons from a defunct cooperative. Human Resource Management, 58, 585-601.
  • Book, A., Methot, T., Gauthier, N., Hosker-Field, A., Forth, A., Quinsey, V., & Molnar, D. (2015). The mask of sanity revisited: Psychopathic traits and affective mimicry. Evolutionary Psychological Science 1, 91-102.
  • Book, A., Visser, B., & Volk, A. (2015). Unpacking “evil”: Claiming the core of the Dark Triad, Personality and Individual Differences, 73, 29-38.
  • Budwar, P. S. & Brauch, Y. (2003). Career management practices in India: an empirical study. International Journal of Manpower, 24(6), 699-719.
  • Boutilier, R. (2009). Globalization and the careers of Mexican knowledge workers: An Exploratory study of employer and worker adaptations. Journal of Business Ethics, 88: 319-333. DOI 10.1007/s10551-009-0284-9.
  • Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (2001). Quantitative data analysis with SPSS 12 and 13: A guide for social scientists. London and New York: Taylor&Francis Group.
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistic using SPSS for windows. SAGE Publications, London.
  • Gomez, C., & Sanchez, J. I. (2005). Managing HR to build social capital in Latin America within MNCs. Edited by Marta M. Elvira and Anabella Davila. Managing Human Resources in Latin America an Agenda for International Leader, 57-74. London: Routledge.
  • Greene, M., & Low, K. 2014. Public integrity, private hypocrisy, and the moral licensing effect. Social Behavior and Personality, 42(3): 391-400.
  • Griffiths, P. E. (2003). Basic emotions, complex emotions, Machiavellian emotions. Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement, 52, 39–67. doi: 10.1017/S1358246100007888
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2009). Multivariate data analysis. N.J.: Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River.
  • Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). Primer on partial least square structural equations modeling (PLS-SEM), (2nd Ed.). Sage, Thousand Oaks.
  • Hansen, L., & Baker, D. L. (2017). “Corporate Psychopaths” in Public Agencies?, Journal of Public Management & Social Policy, Spring, 21-41
  • Hayajneh, A. F., Dwairi, M. A., & Udeh, I. E. (1994). Nepotism as a dilemma for managing human resources overseas. Journal of Transnational Management Development, 1(1), 51-73.
  • Hobfoll, S. E. (1989),.Conservation of Resources: A New Attempt at Conceptualizing Stress. American Psychologist, 44: 513-524. doi:10.1037/ 0003-066X.44.3.513
  • Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). Social Support and Stress. (Eds. Neil J. Smelser, Paul B. Baltes), In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Pergamon, 14461-14465. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767038237
  • Hobfoll, S. E. & Ford, J. (2007). Conservation of resources theory. In Encyclopedia of Stress (Second Edition), pp. 562-567.
  • Ignatowski, G., Stopczynski, B., & Trebska, J. (2019). Paradox of nepotism in enterprises in Poland and Ukraine: Social capital perspective. Marketing and Management of Innovations, 2, 295-313. http://doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2019.2-25
  • Im, H., & Chen, C. (2019). Cultural dimensions as correlates of favoritism and the mediating role of trust. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/gmk,
  • Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2010). The dirty dozen: A concise measure of the dark triad Psychological Assessment, 22, 420-432, 10.1037/a0019265
  • Jonason, P. K., & Webster , G. D. (2012). A protean approach to social influence: Dark Triad personalities and social influence tactics. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(4), 521-526.
  • Jones, R. G. (2012). Defining a psychlogy of nepotism. (Ed.) Jones, R. G. Nepotism in organizations. New York, NY: Routledge, 1-10.
  • Jones, D. N. & Paulhus, D. L. (2010). Different provocations trigger aggression in narcissits and psychopaths. Social and Personality Psychology Sciences, 1, 12-18.
  • Jones D. N. & Paulhus D.L. (2014). Introducing the short dark triad (SD3): A brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28-41.
  • Jordan, J., Mullen, E., and Murnighan, J. K. (2011). Striving for the moral self: The effects of recalling past moral actions on future moral behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(5), 701–713.
  • Keles, H. N., Ozkan, T. K. & Bezirci, M. (2011). A study on the effects of nepotism, favoritism and cronyism on organizational trust in the auditing process in family businesses in Turkey. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 10(9), 9-16.
  • Kong, M., Xin, J., Xu, W., Li, H., & Xu, D. (2020). The moral licensing effect between work effort and unethical pro-organizational behavior: The moderating influence of Confucian value. Asia Pac J Manag (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-020-09736-8
  • Kragh, S. U. (2012). The anthropology of nepotism: Social distance and reciprocity in organizations in developing countries. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 12(2), 247–265
  • Krupp, D. B., Sewall, L. A., Lalumière, M. L., Sheriff, C., & Harris, G. T. (2013). Psychopathy, adaptation, and disorder. Frontiers in Psychology, 4(139), 1–5. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00139.
  • Lievens, F., Conway, J. M., & De Corte, W. 2008. The relative importance of task, citizenship and counterproductive performance to job performance ratings: Do rater source and team-based culture matter? Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 81(1), 11–27.
  • Lillienfeld, S., Waldman, I., Landfield, K., Watts, A., Rubenzer, S. & Faschingbauer, T. (2012). Fearless dominance and the US presidency: Implications of psychopathic personality traits for successful and unsuccessful political leadership, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 489-505, 10.1037/a0029392
  • Özsoy, E., Rauthmann, J. F., Jonason, P. K., & Ardıç, K. (2017). Reliability and validity of Turkish version of Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDD-T), Short Dark Triad (SD3-T) and Single Item Narcissism Scale (SINS-T). Personality and Individual Differences, 117, 11-14.
  • Padgett, M. Y., Padgett, R.J., & Morris, K. A. (2015). Perceptions of nepotism beneficiaries: the hidden price of using a family connection to obtain a job. Journal of Business and Psychology, 30(2), 283-298.
  • Rodén, M. L. (1196). Cardinal Decıo Azzolıno and The Problem of Papal Nepotısm. Archivum Historiae Pontificiae, 34, 127-157.
  • Ponzo, M., & Scoppa, V. (2010). The use of informal networks in Italy: Efficiency or favouritism? The Journal of Socio-Economics, 39(1), 89-99.
  • Rajpaul-Baptiste, C. (2018). Antecedents and consequences of nepotism: A Social psychological exploration. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis, University of Kent, UK.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of signicance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Simbrunner, P., & Schlegelmilch, B. B. (2017). Moral licensing: A culture-moderated meta-analysis. Management Review Quarterly, 67(4), 201–225.
  • Sroka, W. & Vveinhardt, J. (2017). Nepotısm and favorıtısm ın the steel sector: Are these phenomena prevalent? . Innovation Management, Entrepreneurship and Sustainability (IMES 2017) 957-962.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
  • Wated, G., & Sanchez, J. I. (2015). Managerial tolerance of nepotism: The effects of individualism-collectivism in a Latin American Context. J Bus Ethics, 130, 45-57.
  • Vveinhardt, J. & Petrauskaitė, L. (2013). Nepotizmo, favoritizmo ir protekcionizmo trianguliacijos koncepcinis modelis. Organızacıjų Vadyba: Sıstemınıaı
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Burcu Üzüm 0000-0001-8675-8952

Osman Özkan 0000-0001-5326-8930

Publication Date March 24, 2023
Submission Date May 28, 2022
Acceptance Date December 19, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 19 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Üzüm, B., & Özkan, O. (2023). MACHIAVELISM AS THE ANTECEDENT OF NEPOTISM: AN EMPRICAL RESEARCH. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat Ve İşletme Dergisi, 19(1), 174-186. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1122457