Research Article
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Assessment in online education during the COVID-19 pandemic: from the perspective of university instructors

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 1072 - 1085, 29.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.30900/kafkasegt.1120520

Abstract

Educational activities, including assessment have continued globally in the form of emergency remote education since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study is to explore university instructors’ opinions about assessment methods in online education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Case study design was employed in line with the research questions. Data were collected from 199 instructors working at different universities in Turkey via a questionnaire developed by the researchers. Content analysis was applied to analyze the data. The results revealed that instructors’ most frequently applied methods were homework, multiple-choice tests, presentations, open-ended questions, and projects. Instructors encountered problems such as inadequate level of ICT access, reliability issues, infrastructural inadequacy of institutions, institutional enforcement, requiring more effort for instructor, difficulties in applied courses, and rapid transition to online education. Instructors’ preferences toward assessment were to change the assessment methods and revert to traditional methods as well as increase student engagement and integrate ICT. The results of this study reveal the opinions of instructors about remote assessment and inform practitioners about the applied methods, possible problems, and preferences that may help others adapt quickly to remote assessment.

References

  • Adedoyin, O. B., & Soykan, E. (2020). Covid-19 pandemic and online learning: the challenges and opportunities. Interactive Learning Environments. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1813180
  • Battal, A., & Çağıltay, K. (2015). Investigation of Usage Frequency and Department on Usability Issues with the Online Examination System (OSSI). Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(3), 752–763. https://doi.org/10.17860/efd.19683
  • Battal, A., & Kayaduman, K. (2021). Akademisyenlerin bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerine erişimi ölçeğinin türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [The adaptation of academicians’ information and comunication technology access scale into Turkish: the study of validity and reliability]. Trakya Eğitim Dergisi, 11 (3) , 1401-1416 . DOI: 10.24315/tred.852047
  • Bao, W. (2020). COVID‐19 and online teaching in higher education: A case study of Peking University. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 113–115. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.191
  • Bozkurt, A., Jung, I., Xiao, J., Vladimirschi, V., Schuwer, R., Egorov, G., Lambert, S., Al-Freih, M., Pete, J., Olcott, J. D., Rodes, V., Aranciaga, I., Bali, M., Alvarez, A. J., Roberts, J., Pazurek, A., Raffaghelli, J. E., Panagiotou, N., de Coëtlogon, P., … Paskevicius, M. (2020). A global outlook to the interruption of education due to COVID-19 pandemic: Navigating in a time of uncertainty and crisis. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 5(1), 1–126.
  • Bozkurt, A., & Sharma, R. C. (2020). Emergency remote teaching in a time of global crisis due to CoronaVirus pandemic. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), i–vi.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. (4th ed., Vol. 4). Pearson.
  • Cutri, R. M., Mena, J., & Whiting, E. F. (2020). Faculty readiness for online crisis teaching: transitioning to online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Teacher Education, 43(4), 523–541. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1815702
  • Doğan, N., Kibrislioğlu Uysal, N., Kelecioğlu, H., & Hambleton, R. K. (2020). An overview of e-assessment. Hacettepe Egitim Dergisi, 35(Special Issue), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.16986/HUJE.2020063669
  • Durak, G., Çankaya, S., & İzmirli, S. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemi Döneminde Türkiye’deki Üniversitelerin Uzaktan Eğitim Sistemlerinin İncelenmesi [Examining the Turkish Universities’ Distance Education Systems During the COVID-19 Pandemic]. Necatibey Eğitim Fakültesi Elektronik Fen ve Matematik Eğitimi Dergisi, 14(1), 787–810. https://doi.org/10.17522/balikesirnef.743080
  • Erdem-Aydin, İ. (2021). Investigation of higher education instructors’ perspectives towards emergency remote teaching. Educational Media International. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2021.1908501
  • Guangul, F. M., Suhail, A. H., Khalit, M. I., & Khidhir, B. A. (2020). Challenges of remote assessment in higher education in the context of COVID-19: a case study of Middle East College. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 32(4), 519–535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-020-09340-w
  • Guerrero-Roldán, A. E., Rodríguez-González, M. E., Karadeniz, A., Kocdar, S., Aleksieva, L., & Peytcheva-Forsyth, R. (2020). Students’ experiences on using an authentication and authorship checking system in e-assessment. Hacettepe Egitim Dergisi, 35(Special Issue), 6–24. https://doi.org/10.16986/HUJE.2020063670
  • Hussein, M. J., Yusuf, J., Deb, A. S., Fong, L., & Naidu, S. (2020). An Evaluation of Online Proctoring Tools. Open Praxis, 12(4), 509. https://doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.12.4.1113
  • Jandric´, P., Hayes, D., Truelove, I., Levinson, P., Mayo, P., Ryberg, T., ... & Jackson, L. (2020). Teaching in the age of COVID-19. Postdigital Science and Education, 2, 1069–1230. https://doi. org/10.1007/s42438-020-00169-6
  • Jordan, S. (2013). E-assessment: Past, present and future. New Directions, 9(1), 87–106. https://doi.org/10.11120/ndir.2013.00009
  • Kayaduman, H., & Battal, A. (2021). The University Instructors’ Opinions About Emergency Remote Education in Turkey. In A. Bozkurt (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Emerging Pedagogies for the Future of Education: Trauma-Informed, Care, and Pandemic Pedagogy (pp. 66–81). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7275-7.ch004
  • Kocdar, S., Karadeniz, A., Peytcheva-Forsyth, R., & Stoeva, V. (2018). Cheating and Plagiarism in E-Assessment: Students’ Perspectives. Open Praxis, 10(3), 221. https://doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.10.3.873
  • Kundu, A., & Bej, T. (2021). Experiencing e-assessment during COVID-19: an analysis of Indian students’ perception. Higher Education Evaluation and Development, ahead-of-p(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/HEED-03-2021-0032
  • Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education. Jossey-Bass Publishers.
  • Okada, A., Noguera, I., Alexieva, L., Rozeva, A., Kocdar, S., Brouns, F., Ladonlahti, T., Whitelock, D., & Guerrero-Roldán, A. E. (2019). Pedagogical approaches for e-assessment with authentication and authorship verification in Higher Education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(6), 3264–3282. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12733
  • Peterson, J. (2019). An analysis of academic dishonesty in online classes. Mid-Western Educational Researcher, 31(1), 24-36.
  • Reeves, T. C. (2000). Alternative assessment approaches for online learning environments in higher education. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 23(1), 101–111. https://doi.org/10.2190/GYMQ-78FA-WMTX-J06C
  • Şenel, S., & Şenel, H. C. (2021a). Remote assessment in higher education during covıd-19 pandemic. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 8(2), 181–199. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.820140
  • Şenel, S., & Şenel, H. C. (2021b). Use of take-home exams for remote assessment: A case study. Journal of Educational Technology and Online Learning, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.31681/jetol.912965
  • Soomro, K. A., Kale, U., Curtis, R., Akcaoglu, M., & Bernstein, M. (2018). Development of an instrument to measure Faculty’s information and communication technology access (FICTA). Education and Information Technologies, 23(1), 253–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-017-9599-9
  • Stewart, W. H. (2021). A global crash-course in teaching and learning online: A thematic review of empirical Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT) studies in higher education during Year 1 of COVID-19. Open Praxis, 13(1), 89. https://doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.13.1.1177
  • Stödberg, U. (2012). A research review of e-assessment. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 37(5), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2011.557496
  • Timmis, S., Broadfoot, P., Sutherland, R., & Oldfield, A. (2016). Rethinking assessment in a digital age: opportunities, challenges and risks. British Educational Research Journal, 42(3), 454–476. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3215
  • van Dijk, J. A. G. . (2005). The Deeping Divide:Inequality in the Information Society (Vol. 66). Sage Publications.
  • Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods (Fourth Ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri [Qualitative research methods in the social sciences] (9th ed.). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yukselturk, E., & Curaoglu, O. (2010). Blended assessment methods in online educational programs in Turkey: Issues and strategies. Cases on Transnational Learning and Technologically Enabled Environments, January 2010, 327–343. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-749-7.ch018
  • YOK, 2021. YÖK Başkanı Erol Özvar, üniversitelerde yüz yüze eğitimin detaylarını açıkladı [ President of Council of Higher Education, Erol Özvar explained the details of face to face education] Retrieved December 1, 2021, from https://www.yok.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Haberler/2021/yok-baskani-ozvar-dan-yuz-yuze-egitime-iliskin-aciklamalar.aspx

Üniversite Öğretim Elemanlarının Gözünden COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Verilen Çevrimiçi Eğitimde Ölçme ve Değerlendirme

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 1072 - 1085, 29.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.30900/kafkasegt.1120520

Abstract

References

  • Adedoyin, O. B., & Soykan, E. (2020). Covid-19 pandemic and online learning: the challenges and opportunities. Interactive Learning Environments. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1813180
  • Battal, A., & Çağıltay, K. (2015). Investigation of Usage Frequency and Department on Usability Issues with the Online Examination System (OSSI). Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(3), 752–763. https://doi.org/10.17860/efd.19683
  • Battal, A., & Kayaduman, K. (2021). Akademisyenlerin bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerine erişimi ölçeğinin türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [The adaptation of academicians’ information and comunication technology access scale into Turkish: the study of validity and reliability]. Trakya Eğitim Dergisi, 11 (3) , 1401-1416 . DOI: 10.24315/tred.852047
  • Bao, W. (2020). COVID‐19 and online teaching in higher education: A case study of Peking University. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 113–115. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.191
  • Bozkurt, A., Jung, I., Xiao, J., Vladimirschi, V., Schuwer, R., Egorov, G., Lambert, S., Al-Freih, M., Pete, J., Olcott, J. D., Rodes, V., Aranciaga, I., Bali, M., Alvarez, A. J., Roberts, J., Pazurek, A., Raffaghelli, J. E., Panagiotou, N., de Coëtlogon, P., … Paskevicius, M. (2020). A global outlook to the interruption of education due to COVID-19 pandemic: Navigating in a time of uncertainty and crisis. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 5(1), 1–126.
  • Bozkurt, A., & Sharma, R. C. (2020). Emergency remote teaching in a time of global crisis due to CoronaVirus pandemic. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), i–vi.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. (4th ed., Vol. 4). Pearson.
  • Cutri, R. M., Mena, J., & Whiting, E. F. (2020). Faculty readiness for online crisis teaching: transitioning to online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Teacher Education, 43(4), 523–541. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1815702
  • Doğan, N., Kibrislioğlu Uysal, N., Kelecioğlu, H., & Hambleton, R. K. (2020). An overview of e-assessment. Hacettepe Egitim Dergisi, 35(Special Issue), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.16986/HUJE.2020063669
  • Durak, G., Çankaya, S., & İzmirli, S. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemi Döneminde Türkiye’deki Üniversitelerin Uzaktan Eğitim Sistemlerinin İncelenmesi [Examining the Turkish Universities’ Distance Education Systems During the COVID-19 Pandemic]. Necatibey Eğitim Fakültesi Elektronik Fen ve Matematik Eğitimi Dergisi, 14(1), 787–810. https://doi.org/10.17522/balikesirnef.743080
  • Erdem-Aydin, İ. (2021). Investigation of higher education instructors’ perspectives towards emergency remote teaching. Educational Media International. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2021.1908501
  • Guangul, F. M., Suhail, A. H., Khalit, M. I., & Khidhir, B. A. (2020). Challenges of remote assessment in higher education in the context of COVID-19: a case study of Middle East College. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 32(4), 519–535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-020-09340-w
  • Guerrero-Roldán, A. E., Rodríguez-González, M. E., Karadeniz, A., Kocdar, S., Aleksieva, L., & Peytcheva-Forsyth, R. (2020). Students’ experiences on using an authentication and authorship checking system in e-assessment. Hacettepe Egitim Dergisi, 35(Special Issue), 6–24. https://doi.org/10.16986/HUJE.2020063670
  • Hussein, M. J., Yusuf, J., Deb, A. S., Fong, L., & Naidu, S. (2020). An Evaluation of Online Proctoring Tools. Open Praxis, 12(4), 509. https://doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.12.4.1113
  • Jandric´, P., Hayes, D., Truelove, I., Levinson, P., Mayo, P., Ryberg, T., ... & Jackson, L. (2020). Teaching in the age of COVID-19. Postdigital Science and Education, 2, 1069–1230. https://doi. org/10.1007/s42438-020-00169-6
  • Jordan, S. (2013). E-assessment: Past, present and future. New Directions, 9(1), 87–106. https://doi.org/10.11120/ndir.2013.00009
  • Kayaduman, H., & Battal, A. (2021). The University Instructors’ Opinions About Emergency Remote Education in Turkey. In A. Bozkurt (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Emerging Pedagogies for the Future of Education: Trauma-Informed, Care, and Pandemic Pedagogy (pp. 66–81). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7275-7.ch004
  • Kocdar, S., Karadeniz, A., Peytcheva-Forsyth, R., & Stoeva, V. (2018). Cheating and Plagiarism in E-Assessment: Students’ Perspectives. Open Praxis, 10(3), 221. https://doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.10.3.873
  • Kundu, A., & Bej, T. (2021). Experiencing e-assessment during COVID-19: an analysis of Indian students’ perception. Higher Education Evaluation and Development, ahead-of-p(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/HEED-03-2021-0032
  • Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education. Jossey-Bass Publishers.
  • Okada, A., Noguera, I., Alexieva, L., Rozeva, A., Kocdar, S., Brouns, F., Ladonlahti, T., Whitelock, D., & Guerrero-Roldán, A. E. (2019). Pedagogical approaches for e-assessment with authentication and authorship verification in Higher Education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(6), 3264–3282. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12733
  • Peterson, J. (2019). An analysis of academic dishonesty in online classes. Mid-Western Educational Researcher, 31(1), 24-36.
  • Reeves, T. C. (2000). Alternative assessment approaches for online learning environments in higher education. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 23(1), 101–111. https://doi.org/10.2190/GYMQ-78FA-WMTX-J06C
  • Şenel, S., & Şenel, H. C. (2021a). Remote assessment in higher education during covıd-19 pandemic. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 8(2), 181–199. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.820140
  • Şenel, S., & Şenel, H. C. (2021b). Use of take-home exams for remote assessment: A case study. Journal of Educational Technology and Online Learning, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.31681/jetol.912965
  • Soomro, K. A., Kale, U., Curtis, R., Akcaoglu, M., & Bernstein, M. (2018). Development of an instrument to measure Faculty’s information and communication technology access (FICTA). Education and Information Technologies, 23(1), 253–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-017-9599-9
  • Stewart, W. H. (2021). A global crash-course in teaching and learning online: A thematic review of empirical Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT) studies in higher education during Year 1 of COVID-19. Open Praxis, 13(1), 89. https://doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.13.1.1177
  • Stödberg, U. (2012). A research review of e-assessment. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 37(5), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2011.557496
  • Timmis, S., Broadfoot, P., Sutherland, R., & Oldfield, A. (2016). Rethinking assessment in a digital age: opportunities, challenges and risks. British Educational Research Journal, 42(3), 454–476. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3215
  • van Dijk, J. A. G. . (2005). The Deeping Divide:Inequality in the Information Society (Vol. 66). Sage Publications.
  • Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods (Fourth Ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri [Qualitative research methods in the social sciences] (9th ed.). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yukselturk, E., & Curaoglu, O. (2010). Blended assessment methods in online educational programs in Turkey: Issues and strategies. Cases on Transnational Learning and Technologically Enabled Environments, January 2010, 327–343. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-749-7.ch018
  • YOK, 2021. YÖK Başkanı Erol Özvar, üniversitelerde yüz yüze eğitimin detaylarını açıkladı [ President of Council of Higher Education, Erol Özvar explained the details of face to face education] Retrieved December 1, 2021, from https://www.yok.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Haberler/2021/yok-baskani-ozvar-dan-yuz-yuze-egitime-iliskin-aciklamalar.aspx
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Other Fields of Education
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ali Battal 0000-0001-8659-2294

Hamza Polat 0000-0002-9646-7507

Halil Kayaduman 0000-0001-5316-1893

Publication Date December 29, 2022
Submission Date May 24, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 9 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Battal, A., Polat, H., & Kayaduman, H. (2022). Assessment in online education during the COVID-19 pandemic: from the perspective of university instructors. E-Kafkas Journal of Educational Research, 9(3), 1072-1085. https://doi.org/10.30900/kafkasegt.1120520

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