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A Critical Theoretical Evaluation On Pro-Poor Tourism And Poverty Alleaviation/Yoksul-Yanlı Turizm ve Yoksulluğu Azaltma Üzerine Kritik Teorik İnceleme

Year 2012, Volume: 9 Issue: 17, 115 - 133, 09.11.2013

Abstract

Abstract

'Pro-poor tourism' (PPT) discourse, having the tourism target results increased net benefits for poor, had gained an overwhelming influence since 1990s; and it started to be taken to the agendas of diverse multi-national, bilateral and donor agencies. However, there is still an ambiguity among the academic views on the theoretical linkage between tourism and poverty alleviation that can be grasped from the theoretical debates starting from 1950s up to 2000s. First theoretical attempt came from Modernization Theory acknowledged tourism as a modernization engine particularly for Third World countries during 1950s; but with the Neo-Marxist scholars, academic view upon Dependency School and Political Economy Theory perspectives, changed the sight towards developing nations cannot take the desired pie from tourism benefits. A new turn occurred in 1990s with the emergence of alternative perspectives including sustainable development practices such as eco-tourism. In that line, PPT origins and approaches need a critical analysis that paper's main objective is setting up the bridge between tourism and poverty concepts by exploring theoretical linkage. Besides, theories that have been explored will also be used to examine multi-national organizations different approaches concerning PPT. PPT has been critically analyzed with the evaluation of its currents strengths and weaknesses.

Key Words: Pro-poor Tourism, Development, Poverty, Poverty Alleviation

Özet

Turizm hedefi, yoksul için net çıkar artırımını sağlamak olan 'Yoksul-Yanlı Turizm' (YYT) söylemi 1990'dan buyana ağırlıklı bir etkiye sahip olmuştur ve birçok ulus-aşırı ve yardım ajanslarının gündemine alınmaya başlanmıştır. Fakat turizm ve yoksulluğu azaltma arasındaki teorik bağ akademik görüşler arasında halen belirsizdir; bu da 1950'den başlayıp 2000'lere devam eden turizm ve yoksulluk bağlamındaki teorik tartışmalarda görülmektedir. İlk teorik çaba 1950'lerde turizmi özellikle üçüncü dünya ülkeleri için modernleşmenin lokomotifi olarak gören Modernleşme Teorisinden gelmektedir; bu teori turizmin ekonomik kalkınma üzerindeki kritik rolünü savunmaktadır. Fakat Neo-Marksist düşünürlerle birlikte, Bağımlılık Okulu ve Politik-Ekonomik Teori perspektiflerine dayanan akademik görüş, bir önceki görüşü, gelişmekte olan ülkeler turizmden istenen payı alamamaktadır varsayımı doğrultusunda değiştirmiştir. Yeni bir dönemeç, 1990'larda eko-turizm gibi sürdürülebilir kalkınma pratiklerini içeren Alternatif Perspektifin ortaya çıkışıyla yaşanmıştır. YYT'in orijin ve söylemlerinin kritik bir analizine ihtiyaç olduğundan hareketle bu çalışmadaki esas amaç turizm ve yoksulluk olguları arasındaki köprüyü teorik bağı araştırarak kurmaktır. Araştırılan teoriler ulus-aşırı örgütlerin YYT'e yönelik farklı yaklaşımlarını incelemekte de kullanılacaktır. Çalışmada zayıf ve güçlü yanları üzerinden YYT' in kritik bir değerlemesi yapılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Yoksul-yanlı Turizm, Kalkınma, Yoksulluk, Yoksulluğu Azaltma

References

  • Amin, S. (1977) “Accumulation on a World Scale: A Critique of the Theory of Underdevelopment”. Monthly Review Press, 1 (2), 1-25.
  • Ashley, C., Roe, D. and Goodwin, H. (2001) “Pro-Poor Tourism Strategies; Making Tourism Work For The Poor: A Review of Experience”. Pro-Poor Tourism Report No.1.
  • Ashley, C, and Roe, D. (2002) “Making Tourism Work for the Poor: Strategies and Challenges in Southern Africa”. Development Southern Africa, 19 (1), 61–82.
  • Balcı, E., Deşmek, S. and Ertuna, C. (2001) “Yoksulluk Olgusunun Değerlendirilmesi”, (Ed: Şengül, T. and Ersoy, M.), Kente Göç ve Yoksulluk: Diyarbakır Örneği. METU/UPI.
  • Britton, S. (1982) “The Political Economy of Tourism in the Third World”. Annals of Tourism Research, 3 (9), 331-358.
  • Britton, S. (1991) “Tourism, Dependency and Place: Towards a Critical Geography of Tourism Development”. Environment and Planning: Society and Space, (9), 451-478.
  • Cardosa, F. H. (1972) “Dependency and Development in Latin America”. New Left Review, 74, 83-95.
  • Chilcotei, H. R. (1974) “Dependency: A Critical Synthesis of the Literature”. Latin American Perspectives, 3 (4), 4-29.
  • Christie, T. I. (2002) “Tourism, Growth and Poverty: Framework Conditions for Tourism in Developing Counties”. Tourism Review, 57 (1/4), 35-41.
  • Cornia, A., Jolly, R. and Stewart, F. (1987) Adjustment with a Human Face: Protecting the Vulnerable and Promoting Growth. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • De Jong, P. (2003) “PATA: Harnessing Travel and Tourism as a Leading Force for Poverty Reduction”. The Second Global Summit on Peace through Tourism, Geneva, 4-9 February.
  • Ersoy, M. (1992) Selected Papers on Urban and Regional Planning. METU, City and Regional Planning Department.
  • Gibbon, P. D. (1992) “The World Bank and African Poverty 1973-91”. Journal of Modern African Studies, 30 (2), 193-220.
  • Gibson, L. J. (1993) The Potential for Tourism Development in Nonmetropolitan Areas, Economic adaptation: Alternatives for nonmetropolitan areas. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Gilbert, A. (1997) “Work and Poverty during Economic Restructuring”. IDS Bulletin, 28 (2), 24-34.
  • Goodwin, H. (2008) “Tourism, Local Economic Development, and Poverty Reduction”. Applied Research in Economic Development, 5 (3), 55-64.
  • Hall, C. M. (2007) “Pro-Poor Tourism: Do 'Tourism Exchanges Benefit Primarily the Countries of the South'?”. Current Issues in Tourism, 10 (2), 111-118.
  • Harrison, D. (1992) Tourism in Less Developed Countries. London: Belhaven Publications.
  • Harrison, D. (2008) “Pro-poor Tourism: A Critique”. Third World Quarterly, 29 (5), 851-868.
  • Hoselitz, F. B. (1961) “The City, The Factory and Economic Growth”, (Ed: P. K. Hatt and A. J. Reiss), Cities and Society. New York: Free Press.
  • ILO (2006) “Preface to Social Dialogue and Poverty Reduction Strategies”, G. J. Buckley and G. Casale, Geneva. ILO Publications.
  • Jafari, J. (1990) “Research and Scholarship: The Basis of Tourism Education”. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 1 (1), 33-41.
  • Jafari, J. (2002) Retracing and Mapping Tourisms Landscape of Knowledge, ReVista- Tourism in the Americas, Harvard Review of Latin America- Winter 2002.
  • Kakwani, N. and Ernesto, M. P. (2000) “What is Pro-poor Growth?”. Asian Development Review, 18 (1), 1-16.
  • Katz, S. (1980) “Marxism, Africa and Social Class: A Critique of Relevant Theories Centre for Developing Area Studies”. McGill University, Montreal Occasional Monography Series, No. 14.
  • Lück, F. (2010) “Pro-poor Tourism: A Successful Tool for Development Aid, International Tourism Management and Consultancy”. Holland: NHTV Breda University of Applied Sciences.
  • Mann, S. (2005) Development through Tourism: The World Bank's Role. Washington D.C.: World Bank.
  • Mann, S. and Hawkins, E. D. (2007) “The World Bank's Role in Tourism Development”. Annals of Tourism Research, 34 (2), 348-363.
  • Manzo, K. (1991) “Modernist Discourse and the Crisis of Development Theory”. Studies in Comparative International Development, 96 (2), 3-36.
  • Markandya, A., Taylor, T. and Pedroso, S. (2003) “Tourism and Sustainable Development: Lessons from Recent World Bank Experience”. Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Conference Paper.
  • Muqbil, I. (2002) “Asian Development Bank Signals Funding Pull and Visa Push”. Travel Impact Newswire, New Edition, 15, Wednesday, April 10, 2002.
  • Newsome, D., Moore, S. A. and Dowling, R. K. (2002) Natural Area Tourism: Ecology, Impacts, and Management. UK: Cromwell Press.
  • Norton, A. and Foster, M. (2001) “The Potential of Using Sustainable Livelihoods Approaches”. London: ODI Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers.
  • Öniş¸ Z. and Şenses, F. (2003) “Rethinking the Emerging Post-Washington Consensus: A Critical Appraisal”. ERC Working Paper in Economics, 03 (09), 1-36.
  • Pearce, P. (2003) “The Classic Collection”, Journal of Tourism Studies, 14 (1), 49-58.
  • Pluss, C. and Backes, M. (2002) “Red Card for Tourism? 10 Principles and Challenges for a Sustainable Tourism Development in the 21st Century”. Freiburg: DANTE (NGO Network for Sustainable Tourism Development).
  • PPTP (Pro Poor Tourism Partnership) (2001) “Pro-Poor Tourism Strategies: Making Tourism Work for the Poor, A Review of Experience”, UK: Overseas Development Institute Publications.
  • PPTP (2004a) “Pro-Poor Tourism Projects”. PPT Info Sheets, Sheet No (12).
  • PPTP (2004b)“Tourism and Poverty Reduction: Making the Links”. PPT Info Sheets, Sheet No (3).
  • PPTP (2004c) “Tourism in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers”. PPT Info Sheets, Sheet No (9).
  • PPTP (2011) What is Pro-poor Tourism? <http://www. propoortourism.org.uk/ what _ is_ppt.html> (Accessed 16.11.2011)
  • Reismann, L. (1970) The Urban Process: Cities in Industrial Societies. New York: Free Press.
  • Scheyvens, R. (2007a) “Exploring the Tourism-Poverty Nexus”. Current Issues in Tourism, 10 (2), 231-254.
  • Scheyvens, R. (2007b) “Exploring the Tourism-Poverty Nexus”. (Ed: M. Hall), Pro Poor Tourism: Who Benefits? Perspectives on Tourism and Poverty Reduction. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
  • Sharpley, R. (2000) “Tourism and Sustainable Development: Exploring the Theoretical Divide”. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8 (1), 1-19.
  • Smith, L. V. and Eadington, R. W. (1992) Tourism Alternatives: Potentials and Problems in the Development of Tourism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Sofield, T. (2003) Empowerment for Sustainable Tourism Development. Oxford: Pergamon.
  • Storey, D., Bulloch, H. and Overton, J. (2005) “The Poverty Consensus: Some Limitations of the Popular Agenda”. Progress in Development Studies, 5 (1), 30-44.
  • Stavenhagen, R. (1969) “Seven Erroneous These about Latin America”, (Ed: Horowitz, I., Castro,J., Gearssi, J.), Latin American Radicalism. New York: Vintage.
  • Şengül, H. T. (2009) Kentsel Çelişki ve Siyaset. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Şenses, F. (2002) “Economic Crisis as an Instigator of Distributional Conflict: The Turkish Case”, ERC - Economic Research Center, Middle East Technical University.
  • Telfer, D. and Sharpley, R. (2008) Tourism and Development in the Developing World. Oxon: Routledge.
  • UN (2004) “A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility”. Report of the High-level Panel of Threats, Challenges and Change. UN Publications.
  • UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) (2005) Human Development Report 2004: Cultural Liberty in Today's Diverse World. New York: UNDP.
  • UNWTO (2005) “Sustainable Tourism-Eliminating Poverty (ST-EP): An Overview”. T. Sofield and J. Bauer, Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre (Australia 2005).
  • Walter, J. and Mandke, P. (2002) “Exploration of the National Policy Issues Related to the Use of Tourism Development in Poverty Reduction in Southeast Asia”. Conference Proceedings: Tourism in Asia, Hong Kong: Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
  • Williams, S. (1998) Tourism Geography. London: Routledge.
  • WB (World Bank) (1972) Tourism Sector Strategy: Memorandum to the Board of Directors. Washington D.C.: World Bank.
  • WB (2000/2001) World Development Report, Attacking Poverty. Washington D.C: World Bank.
  • WB (2001) “Comprehensive Development Framework: Meeting the Promise?” CDF Secretariat.
  • WCED (The World Commission on Environment and Development) (1987) Our Common Future. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
  • WTO (2010) “Report of the World Tourism Organization to the United Nations Secretary”. General in preparation for the High Level Meeting on the Mid-Term Comprehensive Global Review of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2001-2010, WTO Publications.
  • Yunis, E. (2005) “Tourism Enriches? Poverty Reduction, Tourism and Social Corporate Responsibility”. Presentation on 16 June 2005, Wageningen University, Netherlands.
Year 2012, Volume: 9 Issue: 17, 115 - 133, 09.11.2013

Abstract

References

  • Amin, S. (1977) “Accumulation on a World Scale: A Critique of the Theory of Underdevelopment”. Monthly Review Press, 1 (2), 1-25.
  • Ashley, C., Roe, D. and Goodwin, H. (2001) “Pro-Poor Tourism Strategies; Making Tourism Work For The Poor: A Review of Experience”. Pro-Poor Tourism Report No.1.
  • Ashley, C, and Roe, D. (2002) “Making Tourism Work for the Poor: Strategies and Challenges in Southern Africa”. Development Southern Africa, 19 (1), 61–82.
  • Balcı, E., Deşmek, S. and Ertuna, C. (2001) “Yoksulluk Olgusunun Değerlendirilmesi”, (Ed: Şengül, T. and Ersoy, M.), Kente Göç ve Yoksulluk: Diyarbakır Örneği. METU/UPI.
  • Britton, S. (1982) “The Political Economy of Tourism in the Third World”. Annals of Tourism Research, 3 (9), 331-358.
  • Britton, S. (1991) “Tourism, Dependency and Place: Towards a Critical Geography of Tourism Development”. Environment and Planning: Society and Space, (9), 451-478.
  • Cardosa, F. H. (1972) “Dependency and Development in Latin America”. New Left Review, 74, 83-95.
  • Chilcotei, H. R. (1974) “Dependency: A Critical Synthesis of the Literature”. Latin American Perspectives, 3 (4), 4-29.
  • Christie, T. I. (2002) “Tourism, Growth and Poverty: Framework Conditions for Tourism in Developing Counties”. Tourism Review, 57 (1/4), 35-41.
  • Cornia, A., Jolly, R. and Stewart, F. (1987) Adjustment with a Human Face: Protecting the Vulnerable and Promoting Growth. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • De Jong, P. (2003) “PATA: Harnessing Travel and Tourism as a Leading Force for Poverty Reduction”. The Second Global Summit on Peace through Tourism, Geneva, 4-9 February.
  • Ersoy, M. (1992) Selected Papers on Urban and Regional Planning. METU, City and Regional Planning Department.
  • Gibbon, P. D. (1992) “The World Bank and African Poverty 1973-91”. Journal of Modern African Studies, 30 (2), 193-220.
  • Gibson, L. J. (1993) The Potential for Tourism Development in Nonmetropolitan Areas, Economic adaptation: Alternatives for nonmetropolitan areas. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Gilbert, A. (1997) “Work and Poverty during Economic Restructuring”. IDS Bulletin, 28 (2), 24-34.
  • Goodwin, H. (2008) “Tourism, Local Economic Development, and Poverty Reduction”. Applied Research in Economic Development, 5 (3), 55-64.
  • Hall, C. M. (2007) “Pro-Poor Tourism: Do 'Tourism Exchanges Benefit Primarily the Countries of the South'?”. Current Issues in Tourism, 10 (2), 111-118.
  • Harrison, D. (1992) Tourism in Less Developed Countries. London: Belhaven Publications.
  • Harrison, D. (2008) “Pro-poor Tourism: A Critique”. Third World Quarterly, 29 (5), 851-868.
  • Hoselitz, F. B. (1961) “The City, The Factory and Economic Growth”, (Ed: P. K. Hatt and A. J. Reiss), Cities and Society. New York: Free Press.
  • ILO (2006) “Preface to Social Dialogue and Poverty Reduction Strategies”, G. J. Buckley and G. Casale, Geneva. ILO Publications.
  • Jafari, J. (1990) “Research and Scholarship: The Basis of Tourism Education”. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 1 (1), 33-41.
  • Jafari, J. (2002) Retracing and Mapping Tourisms Landscape of Knowledge, ReVista- Tourism in the Americas, Harvard Review of Latin America- Winter 2002.
  • Kakwani, N. and Ernesto, M. P. (2000) “What is Pro-poor Growth?”. Asian Development Review, 18 (1), 1-16.
  • Katz, S. (1980) “Marxism, Africa and Social Class: A Critique of Relevant Theories Centre for Developing Area Studies”. McGill University, Montreal Occasional Monography Series, No. 14.
  • Lück, F. (2010) “Pro-poor Tourism: A Successful Tool for Development Aid, International Tourism Management and Consultancy”. Holland: NHTV Breda University of Applied Sciences.
  • Mann, S. (2005) Development through Tourism: The World Bank's Role. Washington D.C.: World Bank.
  • Mann, S. and Hawkins, E. D. (2007) “The World Bank's Role in Tourism Development”. Annals of Tourism Research, 34 (2), 348-363.
  • Manzo, K. (1991) “Modernist Discourse and the Crisis of Development Theory”. Studies in Comparative International Development, 96 (2), 3-36.
  • Markandya, A., Taylor, T. and Pedroso, S. (2003) “Tourism and Sustainable Development: Lessons from Recent World Bank Experience”. Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Conference Paper.
  • Muqbil, I. (2002) “Asian Development Bank Signals Funding Pull and Visa Push”. Travel Impact Newswire, New Edition, 15, Wednesday, April 10, 2002.
  • Newsome, D., Moore, S. A. and Dowling, R. K. (2002) Natural Area Tourism: Ecology, Impacts, and Management. UK: Cromwell Press.
  • Norton, A. and Foster, M. (2001) “The Potential of Using Sustainable Livelihoods Approaches”. London: ODI Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers.
  • Öniş¸ Z. and Şenses, F. (2003) “Rethinking the Emerging Post-Washington Consensus: A Critical Appraisal”. ERC Working Paper in Economics, 03 (09), 1-36.
  • Pearce, P. (2003) “The Classic Collection”, Journal of Tourism Studies, 14 (1), 49-58.
  • Pluss, C. and Backes, M. (2002) “Red Card for Tourism? 10 Principles and Challenges for a Sustainable Tourism Development in the 21st Century”. Freiburg: DANTE (NGO Network for Sustainable Tourism Development).
  • PPTP (Pro Poor Tourism Partnership) (2001) “Pro-Poor Tourism Strategies: Making Tourism Work for the Poor, A Review of Experience”, UK: Overseas Development Institute Publications.
  • PPTP (2004a) “Pro-Poor Tourism Projects”. PPT Info Sheets, Sheet No (12).
  • PPTP (2004b)“Tourism and Poverty Reduction: Making the Links”. PPT Info Sheets, Sheet No (3).
  • PPTP (2004c) “Tourism in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers”. PPT Info Sheets, Sheet No (9).
  • PPTP (2011) What is Pro-poor Tourism? <http://www. propoortourism.org.uk/ what _ is_ppt.html> (Accessed 16.11.2011)
  • Reismann, L. (1970) The Urban Process: Cities in Industrial Societies. New York: Free Press.
  • Scheyvens, R. (2007a) “Exploring the Tourism-Poverty Nexus”. Current Issues in Tourism, 10 (2), 231-254.
  • Scheyvens, R. (2007b) “Exploring the Tourism-Poverty Nexus”. (Ed: M. Hall), Pro Poor Tourism: Who Benefits? Perspectives on Tourism and Poverty Reduction. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
  • Sharpley, R. (2000) “Tourism and Sustainable Development: Exploring the Theoretical Divide”. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8 (1), 1-19.
  • Smith, L. V. and Eadington, R. W. (1992) Tourism Alternatives: Potentials and Problems in the Development of Tourism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Sofield, T. (2003) Empowerment for Sustainable Tourism Development. Oxford: Pergamon.
  • Storey, D., Bulloch, H. and Overton, J. (2005) “The Poverty Consensus: Some Limitations of the Popular Agenda”. Progress in Development Studies, 5 (1), 30-44.
  • Stavenhagen, R. (1969) “Seven Erroneous These about Latin America”, (Ed: Horowitz, I., Castro,J., Gearssi, J.), Latin American Radicalism. New York: Vintage.
  • Şengül, H. T. (2009) Kentsel Çelişki ve Siyaset. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Şenses, F. (2002) “Economic Crisis as an Instigator of Distributional Conflict: The Turkish Case”, ERC - Economic Research Center, Middle East Technical University.
  • Telfer, D. and Sharpley, R. (2008) Tourism and Development in the Developing World. Oxon: Routledge.
  • UN (2004) “A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility”. Report of the High-level Panel of Threats, Challenges and Change. UN Publications.
  • UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) (2005) Human Development Report 2004: Cultural Liberty in Today's Diverse World. New York: UNDP.
  • UNWTO (2005) “Sustainable Tourism-Eliminating Poverty (ST-EP): An Overview”. T. Sofield and J. Bauer, Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre (Australia 2005).
  • Walter, J. and Mandke, P. (2002) “Exploration of the National Policy Issues Related to the Use of Tourism Development in Poverty Reduction in Southeast Asia”. Conference Proceedings: Tourism in Asia, Hong Kong: Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
  • Williams, S. (1998) Tourism Geography. London: Routledge.
  • WB (World Bank) (1972) Tourism Sector Strategy: Memorandum to the Board of Directors. Washington D.C.: World Bank.
  • WB (2000/2001) World Development Report, Attacking Poverty. Washington D.C: World Bank.
  • WB (2001) “Comprehensive Development Framework: Meeting the Promise?” CDF Secretariat.
  • WCED (The World Commission on Environment and Development) (1987) Our Common Future. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
  • WTO (2010) “Report of the World Tourism Organization to the United Nations Secretary”. General in preparation for the High Level Meeting on the Mid-Term Comprehensive Global Review of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2001-2010, WTO Publications.
  • Yunis, E. (2005) “Tourism Enriches? Poverty Reduction, Tourism and Social Corporate Responsibility”. Presentation on 16 June 2005, Wageningen University, Netherlands.
There are 63 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Zuhal Önez Çetin This is me

Hüseyin Özgür

Publication Date November 9, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2012 Volume: 9 Issue: 17

Cite

APA Önez Çetin, Z., & Özgür, H. (2013). A Critical Theoretical Evaluation On Pro-Poor Tourism And Poverty Alleaviation/Yoksul-Yanlı Turizm ve Yoksulluğu Azaltma Üzerine Kritik Teorik İnceleme. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(17), 115-133.
AMA Önez Çetin Z, Özgür H. A Critical Theoretical Evaluation On Pro-Poor Tourism And Poverty Alleaviation/Yoksul-Yanlı Turizm ve Yoksulluğu Azaltma Üzerine Kritik Teorik İnceleme. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. November 2013;9(17):115-133.
Chicago Önez Çetin, Zuhal, and Hüseyin Özgür. “A Critical Theoretical Evaluation On Pro-Poor Tourism And Poverty Alleaviation/Yoksul-Yanlı Turizm Ve Yoksulluğu Azaltma Üzerine Kritik Teorik İnceleme”. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 9, no. 17 (November 2013): 115-33.
EndNote Önez Çetin Z, Özgür H (November 1, 2013) A Critical Theoretical Evaluation On Pro-Poor Tourism And Poverty Alleaviation/Yoksul-Yanlı Turizm ve Yoksulluğu Azaltma Üzerine Kritik Teorik İnceleme. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 9 17 115–133.
IEEE Z. Önez Çetin and H. Özgür, “A Critical Theoretical Evaluation On Pro-Poor Tourism And Poverty Alleaviation/Yoksul-Yanlı Turizm ve Yoksulluğu Azaltma Üzerine Kritik Teorik İnceleme”, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 17, pp. 115–133, 2013.
ISNAD Önez Çetin, Zuhal - Özgür, Hüseyin. “A Critical Theoretical Evaluation On Pro-Poor Tourism And Poverty Alleaviation/Yoksul-Yanlı Turizm Ve Yoksulluğu Azaltma Üzerine Kritik Teorik İnceleme”. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 9/17 (November 2013), 115-133.
JAMA Önez Çetin Z, Özgür H. A Critical Theoretical Evaluation On Pro-Poor Tourism And Poverty Alleaviation/Yoksul-Yanlı Turizm ve Yoksulluğu Azaltma Üzerine Kritik Teorik İnceleme. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2013;9:115–133.
MLA Önez Çetin, Zuhal and Hüseyin Özgür. “A Critical Theoretical Evaluation On Pro-Poor Tourism And Poverty Alleaviation/Yoksul-Yanlı Turizm Ve Yoksulluğu Azaltma Üzerine Kritik Teorik İnceleme”. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 17, 2013, pp. 115-33.
Vancouver Önez Çetin Z, Özgür H. A Critical Theoretical Evaluation On Pro-Poor Tourism And Poverty Alleaviation/Yoksul-Yanlı Turizm ve Yoksulluğu Azaltma Üzerine Kritik Teorik İnceleme. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2013;9(17):115-33.

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