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Changes in Land Use and Vegetation in Anatolia in the Middle-Late Holocene According to Fossil Pollen Records

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 1, 1 - 24, 29.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.33688/aucbd.959675

Öz

The most important data in determining palaeovegetation changes and palaeoland use characteristics are fossil pollen records and anthropogenic indicators included in these records. In this study, it is aimed to determine the palaeoland use periods and palaeovegetation changes by evaluating the indicators in the diagrams obtained from the fossil pollen records and to present them to the use of palaeogeography researchers. For this purpose, fossil pollen studies carried out in different locations in Anatolia were evaluated and three different periods were determined; 1. Tree pollens with high competitive ability were observed during the period when natural vegetation was preserved. 2. Pollen taxa and anthropogenic indicators of plants showing the development of invasive vegetation as a result of the destruction of the natural forest during the deforestation and intensive agriculture period have spread. 3. In the period of temporary abandonment of the land, anthropogenic indicators and the plants that spread in the areas where the forests were destroyed significantly decreased, while the development of secondary forest was observed.

Kaynakça

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Fosil Polen Kayıtlarına Göre Orta-Geç Holosen’de Anadolu’da Arazi Kullanımı ve Vejetasyonda Meydana Gelen Değişimler

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 1, 1 - 24, 29.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.33688/aucbd.959675

Öz

Paleovejetasyon değişimleri ve paleoarazi kullanımı özelliklerinin belirlenmesinde en önemli veriler fosil polen kayıtları ve bu kayıtlar içerisinde yer alan antropojenik göstergelerdir. Bu çalışmada fosil polen kayıtlarından elde edilen diyagramlardaki göstergeler değerlendirilerek paleoarazi kullanım dönemleri ve paleovejetasyon değişimlerinin belirlenmesi ve paleocoğrafya araştırmacılarının kullanımına sunulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Anadolu’da farklı lokasyonlarda gerçekleştirilen fosil polen çalışmaları değerlendirilmiş ve üç farklı dönem belirlenmiştir; 1. Doğal vejetasyonun korunduğu dönemde yüksek rekabet yeteneğine sahip ağaç polenleri görülmüştür. 2. Orman tahribi ve yoğun tarım döneminde doğal ormanın tahribatı sonucunda istilacı vejetasyon gelişimini gösteren bitkilere ait polen taksonları ve antropojenik göstergeler yayılış göstermiştir. 3. Arazinin geçici olarak terk edilme döneminde antropojenik göstergeler ile ormanların tahrip edildiği sahalarda yayılış gösteren bitkiler belirgin şekilde azalırken, ikincil ormanların gelişimi görülmüştür.

Kaynakça

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  • Hjelle, K. L. (1999b). Use of modern pollen samples and estimated pollen representation factors as aids in the interpretation of cultural activity in local pollen diagrams. Norwegian Archaeological Review, 32 (1), 19-39. doi: 10.1080/002936599420885
  • Iversen, J. (1941). Land occupation in Denmark's Stone age. A pollen-analytical study of the influence of farmer culture on the vegetational development. Rӕkke: Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse II, 2 (66), 20-68.
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  • Kaniewski, D., Paulissen, E., De Laet, V., Waelkens, M. (2008). Late Holocene fire impact and post-fire regeneration from the Bereket basin, Taurus Mountains, southwest Turkey. Quaternary Research, 70 (2), 228-239. doi: 10.1016/j.yqres.2008.04.002
  • Kaplan, G., Heumann, G. (2010). Van Gölü Kuzey Havzası’nın Son 1000 Yıllık polen Profili: İlk Sonuçlar. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15 (2), 115-120.
  • Kaplan, G., Örçen, S. (2011). Late Holocene Paleoflora of Lake Van Northern Basin. Bulletin of the Earth Sciences Application and Research Centre of Hacettepe University, 32 (2), 139-150.
  • Knipping, M., Müllenhoff, M., Brückner, H. (2008). Human induced landscape changes around Bafa Gölü (western Turkey). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 17 (4), 365-380. doi: 10.1007/s00334-007-0132-8
  • Landmann, G., Reimer, A., Lemcke, G., Kempe, S. (1996). Dating Late Glacial abrupt climate changes in the 14,750 yr long continuous record of Lake Van, Turkey. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 122 (1-4), 107-118.
  • Leroy, S., Kazancı, N., İlleri, Ö., Kibar, M., Emre, O., McGee, E., Griffiths, H. I. (2002). Abrupt environmental changes within a late Holocene lacustrine sequence south of the Marmara Sea (Lake Manyas, NW Turkey): possible links with seismic events. Marine Geology, 190 (1-2), 531-552. doi: 10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00361-4
  • Leroy, S. A. G., Schwab, M. J., Costa, P. J. M. (2010). Seismic influence on the last 1500-year infill history of Lake Sapanca (North Anatolian Fault, NW Turkey). Tectonophysics, 486 (1-4), 15-27. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2010.02.005
  • Li, M., Xu, Q., Zhang, S., Li, Y., Ding, W., Li, J. (2015). Indicator pollen taxa of human-induced and natural vegetation in Northern China. The Holocene, 25 (4), 686-701. doi: 10.1177/0959683614566219
  • Li, Y. Y., Zhou, L. P., Cui, H. T. (2008). Pollen indicators of human activity. Chinese Science Bulletin, 53 (9), 1281-1293. doi: 10.1007/s11434-008-0181-0
  • Litt, T., Krastel, S., Sturm, M., Kipfer, R., Örçen, S., Heumann, G., Franz, S. O., Ülgen, U. B., Niessen, F. (2009). ‘PALEOVAN’, International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP): site survey results and perspectives. Quaternary Science Reviews, 28 (15-16), 1555-1567. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.03.002
  • Love, J. J., Walker, M. J. C. (2015). Reconstructing Quaternary Environments (3rd edition). Oxon: Routledge.
  • Mercuri, A. M., Bandini Mazzanti, M., Florenzano, A., Montecchi, M. C., Rattighieri E. (2013). Olea, Juglans and Castanea: the OJC group as pollen evidence of the development of human-induced environments in the Italian peninsula. Quaternary International, 303, 24-42. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.01.005
  • Miebach, A., Niestrath, P., Roeser, P., Litt, T. (2016). Impacts of climate and humans on the vegetation in northwestern Turkey: palynological insights from Lake Iznik since the Last Glacial. Climate of the Past, 12 (2), 575-593. doi: 10.5194/cp-12-575-2016
  • Müllenhoff, M., Handl, M., Knipping, M., Brückner, H. (2004). The evolution of Lake Bafa (Western Turkey)-Sedimentological, microfaunal and palynological results. G. Schernewski und T. Dolch (Hrsg.): Geographie der Meere und Küsten, Coastline Reports, 1, 55-66.
  • Ne’eman, G., Goubitz, S., Nathan, R. (2004). Reproductive traits of Pinus halepensis in the light of fire-a critical review. Plant Ecology, 171 (1), 69-79. doi: 10.1023/B:VEGE.0000029380.04821.99
  • Neumann F. H., Kagan E. J., Leroy S. A. G., Baruch U. (2010). Vegetation History and Climate Fluctuations on a Transect along the Dead Sea West Shore and their Impact on Past Societies over the last 3500 years. Journal of Arid Environments, 74 (7), 756-764. doi: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.04.015
  • Neumann, F., Schölzel, C., Litt, T., Hense, A., Stein, M. (2007). Holocene vegetation and climate history of the northern Golan heights (Near East). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 16 (4), 329-346. doi: 10.1007/s00334-006-0046-x
  • Ocakoğlu, F., Oybak Dönmez, E., Akbulut, A., Tunoğlu, C., Kır, O., Açıkalın, S., Erayık, C., Yılmaz, İ. Ö., Leroy, S. A. G. (2016). A 2800-year multi-proxy sedimentary record of climate change from Lake Çubuk (Göynük, Bolu, NW Anatolia). The Holocene, 26 (2), 205-221. doi: 10.1177/0959683615596818
  • Ören, A. (2018). Kültepe (Kayseri) Çevresinin Fosil Polen Analizleri Işığında Holosen Paleocoğrafyası. Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Ören, A. (2020). Fosil polen analizlerinde kullanılan antropojenik göstergelerin değerlendirilmesi ve arazi kullanım şekilleri. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 75, 163-172. doi: 10.17211/tcd.706977
  • Randall, R. E., Andrew, R., West, R. G. (1986). Pollen catchment in relation to local vegetation: Ceann Ear, Monach Isles N.N.R., Outer Hebrides. New Phytologist, 104 (2), 271-310. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1986.tb00651.x
  • Roberts, N. (1990). Human-induced landscape change in South and Southwest Turkey during the later Holocene. In Bottema, S., Entjes-Nieborg, G., van Zeist, W., (Eds.), Man’s Role in the Shaping of the Eastern Mediterranean Landscape (53-66). Rotterdam: Balkema.
  • Roberts, N. (2014). The Holocene: an environmental history (3rd edition). Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
  • Roberts, N., Allcock, S. L., Arnaud, F., Dean, J. R., Eastwood, W. J., Jones, M. D., Leng, M. J., Metcalfe, S. E., Malet, E., Woodbridge, J., Yiğitbaşıoğlu, H. (2016). A tale of two lakes: a multi-proxy comparison of Lateglacial and Holocene environmental change in Cappadocia, Turkey. Journal of Quaternary Science, 31 (4), 348-362. doi: 10.1002/jqs.2852
  • Roberts, N., Cassis, M., Doonan, O., Eastwood, W., Elton, H., Haldon, J., Izdebski, A., Newhard, J. (2018). Not the End of the World? Post-Classical Decline and Recovery in Rural Anatolia. Human Ecology, 46 (3), 305-322. doi: 10.1007/s10745-018-9973-2
  • Roberts, N., Eastwood, W. J., Kuzucuoğlu, C., Fiorentino, G., Caracuta, V. (2011). Climatic, vegetation and cultural change in the eastern Mediterranean during the mid-Holocene environmental transition. The Holocene, 21 (1), 147-162. doi:10.1177/0959683610386819
  • Roberts, N., Wright Jr, H. E. (1993). Vegetational, lake level and climatic history of the Near East and Southwestern Asia. In Wright Jr, H. E., Kutzbach, J. E., Webb III, T., Ruddiman, W. F., Street-Perrott, F. A., Bartlein, P. J. (Eds.), Global climates since the Last Glacial Maximum (53-67). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Shu, J., Wang, W., Jiang, L., Takahara, H. (2010). Early Neolithic vegetation history, fire regime and human activity at Kuahuqiao, Lower Yangtze River, East China: New and improved insight. Quaternary International, 227 (1), 10-21. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.04.010
  • Song, C. Q., Sun, X. J. (1999). Advances in studies of Quaternary Palynology in China. Advances in Earth Science, 14 (4), 401-406.
  • Sullivan, D. G. (1988). The Discovery of Santorini Minoan Tephra in Western Turkey. Nature, 333 (6173), 552-554. doi:10.1038/333552a0
  • Şenkul, Ç., Ören, A., Doğan, U., Eastwood, W. J. (2018). Late Holocene environmental changes in the vicinity of Kültepe (Kayseri), Central Anatolia, Turkey. Quaternary International, 486, 107-115. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.12.044
  • Tomaselli, R. (1977). The degradation of the Mediterranean maquis. Ambio, 6 (6), 356-362.
  • Turner, R., Roberts, N., Jones, M. D. (2008). Climatic pacing of Mediterranean fire histories from lake sedimentary microcharcoal. Global and Planetary Change, 63 (4), 317-324. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.07.002
  • van Zeist, W., Bottema, S. (1991). Late Quaternary vegetation of the Near East. In Reihe, A. (Ed.), Atlas des vorderen Orients (Naturwissenschaften no. 18) (156 pp). Wiesbaden: Beihefte zum Tübingen.
  • van Zeist, W., Woldring, H. (1978). A postglacial pollen diagram from Lake Van in east Anatolia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 26 (1-4), 249-276. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(78)90015-5
  • van Zeist, W., Woldring, H., Stapert, D. (1975). Late Quaternary vegetation and climate of the southwestern Turkey. Palaeohistoria, 17, 53-143.
  • Vavrus, S., Ruddiman, W. F., Kutzbach, J. E. (2008). Climate model tests of the anthropogenic influence on greenhouse-induced climate change: The role of early human agriculture, industrialization, and vegetation feedbacks. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27 (13-14), 1410-1425. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.04.011
  • Vermoere, M., Bottema, S., Vanhecke, L., Waelkens, M., Smets, E. (2002). Palynological evidence for late-Holocene human occupation recorded in two wetlands in SW Turkey. The Holocene, 12 (5), 569-584. doi:10.1191/0959683602hl568rp
  • Vermoere, M., Degryse, P., Paulissen, E., Vanhecke, L., Waelkens, M., Smets, E. (1999). Pollen analysis of two travertine sections in Basköy (southwestern Turkey): implications for environmental conditions during the early Holocene. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 105 (1-2), 93-100. doi:10.1016/s0034-6667(98)00068-2
  • Vermoere, M., Smets, E. (1996). Palynological investigations of travertine deposits in Basköy (southwest Turkey). Biologisch Jaarboek-Dodonaea, 64, 160-175.
  • Vermoere, M., Smets, E., Waelkens, M., Vanhaverbeke, H., Librecht, I., Paulissen, E., Vanhecke, L. (2000). Late Holocene environmental change and the record of human impact at Gravgaz near Sagalassos, Southwest Turkey. Journal of Archaeological Science, 27 (7), 571-595. doi:10.1006/jasc.1999.0478
  • Vorren, K. D. (1986). The impact of early agriculture on the vegetation of Northern Norway. A discussion of anthropogenic indicators in biostratigraphical data. In Behre, K. E. (Ed.), Anthropogenic Indicators in Pollen Diagrams (1-18). Rotterdam: Balkema.
  • Vuorela, I. (1973). Relative pollen rain around cultivated fields. Acta Botanica Fennica, 102, 1-27.
  • Wick, L., Lemcke, G., Sturm, M. (2003). Evidence of Lateglacial and Holocene climatic change and human impact in eastern Anatolia: high-resolution pollen, charcoal, isotopic and geochemical records from the laminated sediments of Lake Van, Turkey. The Holocene, 13 (5), 665-675. doi:10.1191/0959683603hl653rp
  • Wright Jr, H. E. (1967). The use of surface samples in Quaternary polen analysis. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 2 (1-4), 321-330. doi: 10.1016/0034-6667(67)90162-5
  • Yang, S., Zheng, Z., Huang, K., Zong, Y., Wang, J., Xu, Q., V Rolett, B., Li, J. (2012). Modern pollen assemblages from cultivated rice fields and rice pollen morphology: Application to a study of ancient land use and agriculture in the Pearl River Delta, China. The Holocene, 22 (12), 1393-1404. doi:10.1177/0959683612449761
  • Yasuda, Y., Kitagawa, H., Nakagawa, T. (2000). The earliest record of major anthropogenic deforestation in the Ghab Valley, northwest Syria: A palynological study. Quaternary International, 73/74, 127-136. doi:10.1016/s1040-6182(00)00069-0
  • Zohary, M. (1973). Geobotanical Foundations of the Near East. (Vol. 2, 738 pp.). Stuttgart: Fischer.
  • Zohary, D., Hopf, M. (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World (3rd edition). New York: Oxford University Press.
Toplam 93 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Beşeri Coğrafya
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Aziz Ören 0000-0002-9256-7164

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Ören, A. (2022). Fosil Polen Kayıtlarına Göre Orta-Geç Holosen’de Anadolu’da Arazi Kullanımı ve Vejetasyonda Meydana Gelen Değişimler. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 20(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.33688/aucbd.959675