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IS THE UNDERSTANDING OF SUSTAINABLE GROWTH CHANGING IN THE 21ST CENTURY?

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 621 - 650, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.1358872

Öz

The concept of sustainable growth has undergone significant changes in recent years, driven by increasing global challenges. The sustainability of economic growth has evolved into a phenomenon that encompasses numerous components, not only relying on quantitative development indicators. Conversely, the necessity of economic growth is becoming debatable when considering the social returns of sustainability and economic growth. This study addresses the determinants of sustainable growth, focusing on these components. In terms of forms of impact, emergence timelines, and the power of control, the sustainability of economic growth can be constrained along two main dimensions: economic and environmental. Economic restraints reflect in the global economy's slowdown, primarily linked to declining investment growth and demographic changes. While both factors are important for developed countries, it can be said that there are demographic opportunities for developing countries. Economic growth interacts with the environment during both production input and output stages. As economies grow, they need more energy inputs, and their output causes various damage on the environment and climate. This problem poses a significant obstacle to sustainable economic growth. While these constraints predominantly put pressure on developed countries, complete detachment of developing countries from this framework is not possible.

Kaynakça

  • Aaronson, S., Cajner, T., Fallick, B., Galbis-Reig, F., Smith, C. & Wascher, W. (2014). Labor force participation: Recent developments and future prospects. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 197-275.
  • Acemoglu, D. & Restrepo, P. (2017). Secular stagnation? The effect of aging on economic growth in the age of automation. American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings, 107 (5), 174-179.
  • Aslandis, N. & Ironzo, S. (2009). Environment and development: Is there a kuznets curve for co2 emissions? Applied Economics, 41(6), 803-810.
  • Aye, G. C. & Edoja, P. E. (2017). Effect of economic growth on co2 emission in developing countries: Evidence from a dynamic panel threshold model. Cogent Economics & Finance, 5 (1), 1-22.
  • Baddeley, M. C. (2003). lnvestment Theories and Analysis, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bartelmus, P. (2013). The future we want: green growth or sustainable development? Environmental Development, 7, 165-170.
  • Baumol, W. J., Litan, R. E., & Schramm, C. J. (2007). Good Capitalism, Bad Capitalism, and the Economics of Growth and Prosperity. Yale University Press.
  • Beckerman, W. (1992). Economic growth and the environment: Whose growth? Whose environment?. World Development, 20 (4), 481-496.
  • Beltratti, A., Chichilnisky, G. & Heal, G. (1993). Sustainable growth and the green golden rule. NBER Working Paper Series.
  • Berber, M. (2019). İktisadi büyüme ve kalkinma. Bursa: Ekin Yayınevi.
  • Börsch-Supan, A. (2003). Labor market effects of population. labour, 17, 5-44.
  • Brander, J. A. (2007). Sustainability: Malthus revisited?. Canadian Journal of Economics, 40 (1), 1-38.
  • Brendzel-Skowera, K. (2021). Circular economy business models in the sme sector. Sustainability, 13, 2-21.
  • Brundtland, G. H. (1987). Our common future world commission on environment and development. United Nations Commission.
  • Caballero, R. J. & Simsek, A. (2009). A risk-centric model of demand recessions and speculation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 135 (3), 1493-1566.
  • Callegari, B. & Stoknes, P. E. (2023). People and planet: 21st century sustainable population scenarios and possible living standards within planetary boundaries. Earth4All, March 2023, version 1.0.
  • Chiu, Y. B. (2012). Deforestation and the environmental kuznets curve in developing countries: A panel smooth transition regression approach. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 60 (2), 177-194.
  • Costanza, R., Hart, M., Posner, S. & Talberth, J. (2009). Beyond gdp: The need for new measures of progress. Boston: Pardee papers.
  • Daly, H. E. (1990). Toward some operational principles of sustainable development. Ecological Economics, 2 (1), 1-6.
  • Daly, H. E. (1992). Sustainable growth: An impossibility theorem. Daly, H. E. & Townsend, K. N. Valuing the Earth: Economics, Ecology, Ethics. 267-273.
  • Daly, H. E. (2008). The steady state economy. Sustainable Development Commission.
  • Daniele, F., Honiden, T. & Lembcke, A. C. (2019). Ageing and productivity growth in OECD regions: Combatting the economic impact of ageing through productivity growth?. OECD Publishing.
  • De Janvry, A. & Sadoulet, E. (2016). Development economics: Theory and practice. New York: Routledge.
  • Demaria, F., Schneider, F., Sekulova, F. & Martinez-Alier, J. (2013). What is degrowth? From an activist slogan to a social movement. Environmental Values, 22 (2), 191-215.
  • Dutt, A. K. (2006). Aggregate demand, aggregate supply and economic growth. International Review of Applied Economics, 20 (3), 319-336.
  • Dutt, A. K. (2018). Heterodox theories of economic growth and income distribution: A partial survey. Analytical Political Economy, 103-138.
  • Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental kuznets curve hypothesis: A survey. Ecological Economics, 49, 431-455.
  • Domar, E. D. (1946). Capital expansion, rate of growth, and employment. Econometrica, 137-147.
  • Domar, E. D. (1947). Expansion and employment. The American Economic Review, 37 (1), 34-55.
  • Eggertsson, G. B., Lancastre, M. & Summers, L. H. (2019). Aging, output per capita, and secular stagnation. American Economic Review: Insights, 1 (3), 325-342.
  • Eichengreen, B. (2015). Secular stagnation: The long view. American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings, 105 (5), 66-70.
  • Ekins, P. (1993). ‘Limits to growth’ and ‘sustainable development’: Grappling with ecological realities. Ecological Economics, 8, 269-288.
  • Eltis, W. (2000). The classical theory of economic growth. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  • Fatas, A. (2000). Do business cycles cast long shadows? Short-run persistence and economic growth. Journal of Economic Growth, 5, 147-162.
  • Fiaschi, D. & Signorino, R. (2003). Income distribution and consumption patterns in a ‘classical’ growth model (Ed.), The Theory of Economic Growth a Classical Perspective (82-103). Edward Elgar.
  • Fleurbaey, M. (2009). Beyond gdp: The quest for a measure of social welfare. Journal of Economic Literature, 47 (4), 1029-1075.
  • Gordon, R. J. (2014). The turtle’s progress: Secular stagnation meets the headwinds. In secular stagnation: Facts, Causes and Cures, 47-60.
  • Hansen, A. H. (1939). Economic progress and declining population growth. The American Economic Review, 29 (1), 1-15.
  • Harris, D. J. (2007). The classical theory of economic growth. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 11.
  • Harrod, R. F. (1939). An essay in dynamic theory. The Economic Journal, 49 (193), 14-33.
  • Herrington, G. (2021). Update to limits to growth. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 25, 614-626.
  • Ioan, B., Malar Kumaran, R., Larissa, B., Anca, N., Lucian, G., Gheorghe, F., Horia, T., Ioan, B. & Mircea-Iosif, R. (2020). A panel data analysis on sustainable economic growth in India, Brazil, and Romania. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13 (8), 170.
  • Jackson, T. (2021). Büyümesiz refah sonlu bir gezegene yönelik bir iktisat. (Çev. Erdoğan, A. S.). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Jones, C. I. (1995). Time series tests of endogenous growth models. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110 (2), 495-525.
  • Kallis, G. (2011). In defence of degrowth. Ecological Economics, 70 (5), 873-880.
  • Kararach, G., Nhamo, G., Mubila, M., Nhamo, S., Nhemachena, C. & Babu, S. (2018). Reflections on the green growth index for developing countries: A focus of selected African countries. Development Policy Review, 36 (1), 432-454.
  • Kerschner, C. (2010). Economic de-growth vs. steady-state economy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18 (6), 544-551.
  • Keynes, J. M. (1937). The general theory of employment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 51 (2), 209-223.
  • Kose, M. A. & Ohnsorge, F. (Ed.). (2023). Falling long-term growth prospects trends, expectations, and policies. Washington DC: The World Bank.
  • Kögel, T. (2005). Youth dependency and total factor productivity. Journal of Development Economics, 76, 147-173.
  • Krugman, P. (1994). The myth of Asia’s miracle. Foreign Affairs, 73 (6), 62-78.
  • Kurz, H. D. & Salvadori, N. (2003). Theories of economic growth: Old and new. (Ed.), The Theory of Economic Growth a Classical Perspective (1-22). Edward Elgar.
  • Lewis, W. A. (1955). The theory of economic growth. Milton Park: Routledge.
  • Lucas Jr, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22 (1), 3-42.
  • Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D.L., Randers, J. & Behrens III, W.W. (1972). The limits to growth. New York: Universe Books.
  • Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D.L. & Randers, J. (1992). Beyond the limits: Global collapse or a sustainable future. Earthscan publications.
  • Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D.L. & Randers, J. (2004). Limits to growth: The 30-year update. Chelsea Green Publishing.
  • Meek, R. L. (1962). The economics of physiocracy. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
  • Mo, P. H. (2000). Income inequality and economic growth. Kyklos, 53 (3), 293-315.
  • National Research Council (2012). Aging and the macroeconomy: Long-term implications of an older population.
  • Panayotou, T. (1999). The economics of environments in transition. Environment and Development Economics, 4 (4), 401-412.
  • Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94 (5), 1002-1037.
  • Sauvé, S., Bernard, S. & Sloan, P. (2016). Environmental sciences, sustainable development and circular economy: Alternative concepts for trans-disciplinary research. Environmental Development, 17, 48-56.
  • Schoolman, E. D., Guest, J. S., Bush, K. F. & Bell, A. R. (2012). How interdisciplinary is sustainability research? Analysing the structure of an emerging scientific field. Sustainability Science, 7, 67-80.
  • Schulte, U. G. (2013). New business models for a radical change in resource efficiency. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 9, 43-47.
  • Sheiner, L., Sichel, D. & Slifman, L. (2007). A primer on the macroeconomic implications of population aging.
  • Shin, I. (2012). Income inequality and economic growth. Economic Modelling, 29, 2049-2057. Simon, J. L. (1994). More people, greater wealth, more resources, healthier environment. Economic Affairs, 14 (3), 22-29.
  • Smith, A. (2020). Milletlerin zenginliği’nin doğasi ve nedenleri üzerine bir inceleme. (Çev. Acar, M.). İstanbul: Liberus.
  • Snowdon, B & Vane, H. R. (2020). Modern makroekonomi temelleri, gelişim ve bugünü. (Çev. Ed. Kablamacı, B.). Ankara: Efil Yayınevi.
  • Solow, R. M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94.
  • Solow, R. M. (1973). Is the end of the world at hand?. Challenge, 16 (1), 65-94.
  • Spilker, G. (2013). Globalization, political institutions and the environment in developing countries. New York: Routledge.
  • Sutton, P. (2004). A perspective on environmental sustainability. Paper on the Victorian Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability, 1 (32).
  • Syverson, C. (2011). What determines productivity?. Journal of Economic Literature, 49 (2), 326-365.
  • United Nations. (2022). World population prospects 2022: summary of results. UN.
  • Uzar, U. & Eyuboglu, K. (2019). The nexus between income inequality and co2 emissions in Turkey. Journal of Cleaner Production, 227, 149-157.
  • Van Imhoff, E. & Ritzen, J. M. (1988). Optimal economic growth and non-stable population. De Economist, 136 (3), 339-357.
  • Van den Bergh, J. C. (2011). Environment versus growth—a criticism of “degrowth” and a plea for “a-growth”. Ecological Economics, 70 (5), 881-890.
  • Victor, P. A. (2008). Managing without growth: Slower by design, not disaster. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Young, A. (1995). The tyranny of numbers: Confronting the statistical realities of the east Asian growth experience. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110 (3), 641-680.
  • Wackernagel, M., Schulz, N. B., Deumling, D., Linares, A. C., Jenkins, M., Kapos, V., Monfredo, C., Loh, J., Myers, N., Norgard, R. & Randers, J. (2002). Tracking the ecological overshoot of the human economy. Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences, 99 (14), 9266-9271.
  • World Bank (2008). The growth report: Strategies for sustained growth and inclusive development. Washington DC.
  • WEF (2017). The inclusive growth and development report 2017. Geneva: World Economic Forum.

21. YÜZYILDA SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR BÜYÜME ANLAYIŞI DEĞİŞİYOR MU?

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 621 - 650, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.1358872

Öz

Sürdürülebilir büyümeye yüklenen anlam artan küresel sorunlara bağlı olarak son yıllarda kayda değer bir değişim göstermiştir. Ekonomik büyümenin sürdürülebilirliği niceliksel gelişim göstergelerinin yanı sıra çok sayıda bileşeni kapsayan bir olgu halini almaktadır. Diğer yandan, sürdürülebilirlik ve ekonomik büyümenin toplumsal getirileri dikkate alındığında ekonomik büyümeye olan gereksinim de tartışmalı hale gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada sürdürülebilir büyümenin belirleyicileri olan bu bileşenler ele alınmıştır. Etki biçimleri, etkinin ortaya çıkma süreleri ve kontrol gücü açısından ekonomik büyümenin sürdürülebilirliğinin iktisadi ve çevresel olmak üzere iki ana koldan sınırlanması söz konusudur. İktisadi sınırlayıcıların ekonomiler üzerindeki etkisi, küresel ekonomide meydana gelen yavaşlama eğiliminde kendisini göstermektedir. Bu sınırlayıcılar temel olarak yatırım artışlarındaki azalışlar ve demografik değişimler ile ilişkilendirilir. Gelişmiş ülkeler açısından her iki faktör önem arz ederken gelişmekte olan ülkeler için demografik fırsatların mevcut olduğu söylenebilir. Ekonomik büyümenin çevre ile olan etkileşimi üretimin hem girdi aşamasında hem de çıktı aşamasında gerçekleşmektedir. Ekonomiler büyüdükçe daha fazla enerji girdisine ihtiyaç duyarken çıktıları da çevre ve iklim üzerinde çeşitli tahribatlara yol açar. Bu sorun sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyümenin önünde önemli bir engel oluşturmaktadır. Bu sınırlar, ağırlıklı olarak gelişmiş ülkeler üzerinde bir baskı yaratmasına rağmen gelişmekte olan ülkelerin bu çerçeveden tamamen ayrışması da olası değildir.

Kaynakça

  • Aaronson, S., Cajner, T., Fallick, B., Galbis-Reig, F., Smith, C. & Wascher, W. (2014). Labor force participation: Recent developments and future prospects. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 197-275.
  • Acemoglu, D. & Restrepo, P. (2017). Secular stagnation? The effect of aging on economic growth in the age of automation. American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings, 107 (5), 174-179.
  • Aslandis, N. & Ironzo, S. (2009). Environment and development: Is there a kuznets curve for co2 emissions? Applied Economics, 41(6), 803-810.
  • Aye, G. C. & Edoja, P. E. (2017). Effect of economic growth on co2 emission in developing countries: Evidence from a dynamic panel threshold model. Cogent Economics & Finance, 5 (1), 1-22.
  • Baddeley, M. C. (2003). lnvestment Theories and Analysis, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bartelmus, P. (2013). The future we want: green growth or sustainable development? Environmental Development, 7, 165-170.
  • Baumol, W. J., Litan, R. E., & Schramm, C. J. (2007). Good Capitalism, Bad Capitalism, and the Economics of Growth and Prosperity. Yale University Press.
  • Beckerman, W. (1992). Economic growth and the environment: Whose growth? Whose environment?. World Development, 20 (4), 481-496.
  • Beltratti, A., Chichilnisky, G. & Heal, G. (1993). Sustainable growth and the green golden rule. NBER Working Paper Series.
  • Berber, M. (2019). İktisadi büyüme ve kalkinma. Bursa: Ekin Yayınevi.
  • Börsch-Supan, A. (2003). Labor market effects of population. labour, 17, 5-44.
  • Brander, J. A. (2007). Sustainability: Malthus revisited?. Canadian Journal of Economics, 40 (1), 1-38.
  • Brendzel-Skowera, K. (2021). Circular economy business models in the sme sector. Sustainability, 13, 2-21.
  • Brundtland, G. H. (1987). Our common future world commission on environment and development. United Nations Commission.
  • Caballero, R. J. & Simsek, A. (2009). A risk-centric model of demand recessions and speculation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 135 (3), 1493-1566.
  • Callegari, B. & Stoknes, P. E. (2023). People and planet: 21st century sustainable population scenarios and possible living standards within planetary boundaries. Earth4All, March 2023, version 1.0.
  • Chiu, Y. B. (2012). Deforestation and the environmental kuznets curve in developing countries: A panel smooth transition regression approach. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 60 (2), 177-194.
  • Costanza, R., Hart, M., Posner, S. & Talberth, J. (2009). Beyond gdp: The need for new measures of progress. Boston: Pardee papers.
  • Daly, H. E. (1990). Toward some operational principles of sustainable development. Ecological Economics, 2 (1), 1-6.
  • Daly, H. E. (1992). Sustainable growth: An impossibility theorem. Daly, H. E. & Townsend, K. N. Valuing the Earth: Economics, Ecology, Ethics. 267-273.
  • Daly, H. E. (2008). The steady state economy. Sustainable Development Commission.
  • Daniele, F., Honiden, T. & Lembcke, A. C. (2019). Ageing and productivity growth in OECD regions: Combatting the economic impact of ageing through productivity growth?. OECD Publishing.
  • De Janvry, A. & Sadoulet, E. (2016). Development economics: Theory and practice. New York: Routledge.
  • Demaria, F., Schneider, F., Sekulova, F. & Martinez-Alier, J. (2013). What is degrowth? From an activist slogan to a social movement. Environmental Values, 22 (2), 191-215.
  • Dutt, A. K. (2006). Aggregate demand, aggregate supply and economic growth. International Review of Applied Economics, 20 (3), 319-336.
  • Dutt, A. K. (2018). Heterodox theories of economic growth and income distribution: A partial survey. Analytical Political Economy, 103-138.
  • Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental kuznets curve hypothesis: A survey. Ecological Economics, 49, 431-455.
  • Domar, E. D. (1946). Capital expansion, rate of growth, and employment. Econometrica, 137-147.
  • Domar, E. D. (1947). Expansion and employment. The American Economic Review, 37 (1), 34-55.
  • Eggertsson, G. B., Lancastre, M. & Summers, L. H. (2019). Aging, output per capita, and secular stagnation. American Economic Review: Insights, 1 (3), 325-342.
  • Eichengreen, B. (2015). Secular stagnation: The long view. American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings, 105 (5), 66-70.
  • Ekins, P. (1993). ‘Limits to growth’ and ‘sustainable development’: Grappling with ecological realities. Ecological Economics, 8, 269-288.
  • Eltis, W. (2000). The classical theory of economic growth. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  • Fatas, A. (2000). Do business cycles cast long shadows? Short-run persistence and economic growth. Journal of Economic Growth, 5, 147-162.
  • Fiaschi, D. & Signorino, R. (2003). Income distribution and consumption patterns in a ‘classical’ growth model (Ed.), The Theory of Economic Growth a Classical Perspective (82-103). Edward Elgar.
  • Fleurbaey, M. (2009). Beyond gdp: The quest for a measure of social welfare. Journal of Economic Literature, 47 (4), 1029-1075.
  • Gordon, R. J. (2014). The turtle’s progress: Secular stagnation meets the headwinds. In secular stagnation: Facts, Causes and Cures, 47-60.
  • Hansen, A. H. (1939). Economic progress and declining population growth. The American Economic Review, 29 (1), 1-15.
  • Harris, D. J. (2007). The classical theory of economic growth. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 11.
  • Harrod, R. F. (1939). An essay in dynamic theory. The Economic Journal, 49 (193), 14-33.
  • Herrington, G. (2021). Update to limits to growth. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 25, 614-626.
  • Ioan, B., Malar Kumaran, R., Larissa, B., Anca, N., Lucian, G., Gheorghe, F., Horia, T., Ioan, B. & Mircea-Iosif, R. (2020). A panel data analysis on sustainable economic growth in India, Brazil, and Romania. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13 (8), 170.
  • Jackson, T. (2021). Büyümesiz refah sonlu bir gezegene yönelik bir iktisat. (Çev. Erdoğan, A. S.). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Jones, C. I. (1995). Time series tests of endogenous growth models. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110 (2), 495-525.
  • Kallis, G. (2011). In defence of degrowth. Ecological Economics, 70 (5), 873-880.
  • Kararach, G., Nhamo, G., Mubila, M., Nhamo, S., Nhemachena, C. & Babu, S. (2018). Reflections on the green growth index for developing countries: A focus of selected African countries. Development Policy Review, 36 (1), 432-454.
  • Kerschner, C. (2010). Economic de-growth vs. steady-state economy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18 (6), 544-551.
  • Keynes, J. M. (1937). The general theory of employment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 51 (2), 209-223.
  • Kose, M. A. & Ohnsorge, F. (Ed.). (2023). Falling long-term growth prospects trends, expectations, and policies. Washington DC: The World Bank.
  • Kögel, T. (2005). Youth dependency and total factor productivity. Journal of Development Economics, 76, 147-173.
  • Krugman, P. (1994). The myth of Asia’s miracle. Foreign Affairs, 73 (6), 62-78.
  • Kurz, H. D. & Salvadori, N. (2003). Theories of economic growth: Old and new. (Ed.), The Theory of Economic Growth a Classical Perspective (1-22). Edward Elgar.
  • Lewis, W. A. (1955). The theory of economic growth. Milton Park: Routledge.
  • Lucas Jr, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22 (1), 3-42.
  • Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D.L., Randers, J. & Behrens III, W.W. (1972). The limits to growth. New York: Universe Books.
  • Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D.L. & Randers, J. (1992). Beyond the limits: Global collapse or a sustainable future. Earthscan publications.
  • Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D.L. & Randers, J. (2004). Limits to growth: The 30-year update. Chelsea Green Publishing.
  • Meek, R. L. (1962). The economics of physiocracy. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
  • Mo, P. H. (2000). Income inequality and economic growth. Kyklos, 53 (3), 293-315.
  • National Research Council (2012). Aging and the macroeconomy: Long-term implications of an older population.
  • Panayotou, T. (1999). The economics of environments in transition. Environment and Development Economics, 4 (4), 401-412.
  • Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94 (5), 1002-1037.
  • Sauvé, S., Bernard, S. & Sloan, P. (2016). Environmental sciences, sustainable development and circular economy: Alternative concepts for trans-disciplinary research. Environmental Development, 17, 48-56.
  • Schoolman, E. D., Guest, J. S., Bush, K. F. & Bell, A. R. (2012). How interdisciplinary is sustainability research? Analysing the structure of an emerging scientific field. Sustainability Science, 7, 67-80.
  • Schulte, U. G. (2013). New business models for a radical change in resource efficiency. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 9, 43-47.
  • Sheiner, L., Sichel, D. & Slifman, L. (2007). A primer on the macroeconomic implications of population aging.
  • Shin, I. (2012). Income inequality and economic growth. Economic Modelling, 29, 2049-2057. Simon, J. L. (1994). More people, greater wealth, more resources, healthier environment. Economic Affairs, 14 (3), 22-29.
  • Smith, A. (2020). Milletlerin zenginliği’nin doğasi ve nedenleri üzerine bir inceleme. (Çev. Acar, M.). İstanbul: Liberus.
  • Snowdon, B & Vane, H. R. (2020). Modern makroekonomi temelleri, gelişim ve bugünü. (Çev. Ed. Kablamacı, B.). Ankara: Efil Yayınevi.
  • Solow, R. M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94.
  • Solow, R. M. (1973). Is the end of the world at hand?. Challenge, 16 (1), 65-94.
  • Spilker, G. (2013). Globalization, political institutions and the environment in developing countries. New York: Routledge.
  • Sutton, P. (2004). A perspective on environmental sustainability. Paper on the Victorian Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability, 1 (32).
  • Syverson, C. (2011). What determines productivity?. Journal of Economic Literature, 49 (2), 326-365.
  • United Nations. (2022). World population prospects 2022: summary of results. UN.
  • Uzar, U. & Eyuboglu, K. (2019). The nexus between income inequality and co2 emissions in Turkey. Journal of Cleaner Production, 227, 149-157.
  • Van Imhoff, E. & Ritzen, J. M. (1988). Optimal economic growth and non-stable population. De Economist, 136 (3), 339-357.
  • Van den Bergh, J. C. (2011). Environment versus growth—a criticism of “degrowth” and a plea for “a-growth”. Ecological Economics, 70 (5), 881-890.
  • Victor, P. A. (2008). Managing without growth: Slower by design, not disaster. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Young, A. (1995). The tyranny of numbers: Confronting the statistical realities of the east Asian growth experience. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110 (3), 641-680.
  • Wackernagel, M., Schulz, N. B., Deumling, D., Linares, A. C., Jenkins, M., Kapos, V., Monfredo, C., Loh, J., Myers, N., Norgard, R. & Randers, J. (2002). Tracking the ecological overshoot of the human economy. Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences, 99 (14), 9266-9271.
  • World Bank (2008). The growth report: Strategies for sustained growth and inclusive development. Washington DC.
  • WEF (2017). The inclusive growth and development report 2017. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
Toplam 83 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Makroekonomik Teori
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Metin Berber 0000-0001-8935-8276

Mücahid Samet Yılmaz 0000-0002-6161-9646

Büşra Yıldız 0009-0002-7223-8336

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Berber, M., Yılmaz, M. S., & Yıldız, B. (2023). 21. YÜZYILDA SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR BÜYÜME ANLAYIŞI DEĞİŞİYOR MU?. Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 14(2), 621-650. https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.1358872