Derleme
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Alternaria Mikotoksinleri ve Önemi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1, 195 - 219, 01.06.2023

Berna Tunalı Yeter Küçüktopcu Nazlı Tunalı Songül Erken Meral Seçil Eker Bayram Kansu

https://doi.org/10.20479/bursauludagziraat.1111062

Öz

Alternaria, dünyada yaygın olarak görülen önemli bir fungus cinsi olup Ascomycota bölümü,
Dothideomycetes sınıfı, Pleosporales takımı ve Pleosporaceae familyasında yer almaktadır. Alternaria cinsi
içerisinde, saprofitik, endofitik ve patojenik türler yer almaktadır. Patojen türler arasında ise bitki patojenleri,
hasat sonrası patojenler veya insan patojenleri de bulunmaktadır. Alternaria spp. alternariol (AOH), alternariol
monometil eter (AME), tenuazonik asit (TEA), altenuen (ALT) ve altertoksin (AT) gibi önemli bazı
mikotoksinleri üretmektedir. Mikotoksinler, insan besin zincirine çeşitli şekillerde girebilmekte, birçok farklı
gıda ve hayvan yemi ürününde bulunabilmektedir. Bu mikotoksinler, insanlar, memeliler ve diğer hayvanlar
tarafından ağız yoluyla alınırsa, mikotoksikoz adı verilen toksik bir tepkiye neden olabilmektedir. Birçoğunun
kanserojen olduğu bilinmektedir. Diğerlerinin de cilt hassasiyetinden immün yetmezliğe kadar değişen
nörotoksikolojik etkilerle birlikte karaciğer veya böbrek fonksiyonunun bozulması gibi insanlarda çeşitli farklı
tepkiler ortaya çıkardığı gösterilmiştir. Alternaria spp., özellikle su aktivitesi (aw), sıcaklık ve pH gibi abiyotik
faktörlerden etkilenmektedir. Literatürdeki çalışmalara göre bazı tahıl taneleri dahil sorgum, pamuk tohumu, domates ve soya fasulyesi gibi farklı substratlar fungusun çoğalması ve toksin üretimi ile ilişkilendirilmiştir.
Alternaria toksinlerinin incelenmesinde ELISA, sıvı kromatografi ve PCR temelli analizler en kullanışlı
yöntemler olarak görülmektedir. Bu derleme, Alternaria türlerinin önemini, ekolojilerini, mikotoksin üretimi ve
sıcakkanlılardaki etkileri ile mikotoksin analiz metotlarını içermektedir. Derleme özellikle, Alternaria türlerinin
oluşturdukları mikotoksinler hakkında genel bir bilgi sunmak ve önemine dikkat çekmek amacıyla
hazırlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Alternaria türleri mikotoksin insan sağlığı kromatografi inceleme

Kaynakça

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Alternaria Mycotoxins and Their Importance

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1, 195 - 219, 01.06.2023

Berna Tunalı Yeter Küçüktopcu Nazlı Tunalı Songül Erken Meral Seçil Eker Bayram Kansu

https://doi.org/10.20479/bursauludagziraat.1111062

Öz

Alternaria, which are an important genus of fungi that are ubiquitous in the environment, belongs to
the Ascomycota division, Dothideomycetes class, Pleosporales order, and Pleosporaceae family. The Alternaria
genus includes saprophytic, endophytic, and pathogenic species, whereas the pathogenic species include plant,
post-harvest, and human pathogens. Alternaria spp. produce some important mycotoxins such as alternariol
(AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TEA), altenuene (ALT) ve altertoxin (AT). These
mycotoxins can gain access to the human food chain and exist in many different food products and forage. When
ingested orally by humans, mammalians, or other animals, these mycotoxins may cause mycotoxicosis, which is
a toxic reaction. Many of these mycotoxins are known to be carcinogenic, while some others are shown to
disrupt liver and kidney functions as well as have neurotoxicological effects ranging from skin hypersensitivity
reactions to immunologic deficiency syndromes. Alternaria spp. can get affected by abiotic factors such as water
activity (aw), temperature, and pH. In literature, many crops including sorghum, cotton, tomato, and soya beans,
have been related the conditions that result in fungi to reproducing and producing toxins. The most effective
methods established for analyzing the Alternaria toxins are ELISA, liquid chromatography, and PCR-based
methods. This review includes the importance of Alternaria spp., their ecologies, mycotoxin production and their
effect on the homeotherms, and the methods for analyzing mycotoxins. It is specifically aimed to highlighting
the importance and providing a general knowledge of producing mycotoxins that Alternaria spp.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Alternaria spp. mycotoxin human health chromatography detection

Kaynakça

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  • Schrader, T., Cherry, W., Soper, K. and Langlois, I. 2006. Further examination of the effects of nitrosylation on Alternaria alternata mycotoxin mutagenicity in vitro. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 606: 61-71.
  • Scott, P. M. 1995. Mycotoxin methodology. Food Additives and Contaminants, 12(3): 395-403.
  • Scott, P.M., Weber, D., Kanhere, S.R. 1997. Gas chromatographymass spectrometry of Alternaria mycotoxins. Journal of Chromatography A, 765:255-263.
  • Simmons, E.G. 1992. Alternaria taxonomy: current status, viewpoint, challenge: Alternaria biology, plant diseases and metabolites, Ed: Chelkowski, J. and Visconti, A., Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Publisher, pp: 1-35.
  • Sivagnanam, K., Komatsu, E., Rampitsch, C., Perreault, H., Grafenhan, T. 2017. Rapid screening of Alternaria mycotoxins using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 97:357- 361.
  • Skarkova, J., Ostry, V. and Prochazkova, I. 2005. Planar chromatographic determination of Alternaria toxins in selected foodstuffs. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on planar separations, planar chromatography, milestones in instrumental TLC. Siofok, Hungary: RIMP. p 29-31.
  • Smith, J.E., Solomons, G., Lewis, C. and Anderson, J.G. 1995. Role of Mycotoxins in Human and Animal Nutrition and Health. Natural Toxins, 3:187-192.
  • Solfrizzo, M., De Girolamo, A., Vitti, C., Visconti, A. and van den Bulk, R. 2004. Liquid chromatographic determination of Alternaria toxins in carrots. Journal of AOAC International, 87: 101-106.
  • Solhaug, A., Vines, L.L., Ivanova, L., Spilsberg, B., Holme, J.A., Pestka, J., Collins, A., Eriksen, G.S. 2012. Mechanisms involved in alternariol-induced cell cycle arrest. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 738-739:1-11.
  • Somma, S., Pose, G., Pardo, A., Mulè, G., Pinto, V.F., Moretti, A. and Logrieco, A.F. 2011. AFLP variability, toxin production, and pathogenicity of Alternaria species from Argentinean tomato fruits and puree. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 145: 414-419.
  • Stack, M.E., Mislivec, P.B., Roach, J.A. and Pohland, A.E. 1985. Liquid chromatographic determination of tenuazonic acid and alternariol methyl ether in tomatoes and tomato products. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 68: 640-642.
  • Steyn, P. and Stander, M. 1999. Mycotoxins with special reference to the carcinogenic mycotoxins: aflatoxins, ochratoxins and fumonisins. General and Applied Toxicology. 2nd Edition United Kingdom: Macmillan Reference Ltd:2145-2176.
  • Sydenham, E.W. and Shephard, G.S. 1996. Chromatographic and allied methods of analysis for selected mycotoxins; Progress in Food Contaminant Analysis, Ed: J. Gilbert, Norwich, UK, Blackie Academic&Professional, pp: 65-146.
  • Tatlıdil, S., Bıçakçı, A., Akkaya, A. ve Malyer H. 2001. Burdur Atmosferindeki Allerjen Cladosporium sp. ve Alternaria sp. Sporları. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 8: 1-3.
  • Thomma, B.P. 2003. Alternaria spp.: from general saprophyte to specific parasite. Molecular Plant Pathology, 4: 225-236.
  • Tsuge, T., Harimoto, Y., Akimitsu, K., Ohtani, K., Kodama, M., Akagi, Y., Egusa, M., Yamamoto, M. and Otani, H. 2013. Host-selective toxins produced by the plant pathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 37: 44-66.
  • Tunail, N. 2000. Funguslar ve mikotoksinler. Gıda Mikrobiyolojisi ve Uygulamaları, Genişletilmiş 2: 1-50.
  • Turner, N.W., Subrahmanyam, S., Piletsky, S.A. 2009. Analytical methods for determination of mycotoxins: A review. Analytica Chimica Acta, 632(2): 168-180.
  • Visconti, A., Sibilia, A., Palmisano, F. 1991. Selective determination of altertoxins by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection with dual “in-series” electrodes. Journal of Chromatography A, 540: 376-382.
  • Vlata, Z., Porichis, F., Tzanakakis, G., Tsatsakis, A. and Krambovitis, E. 2005. In vitro cytopathic effects of mycotoxin T-2 on human peripheral blood T lymphocytes. Toxicological Letters, 160(1): 60-68.
  • Vlata, Z., Porichis, F., Tzanakakis, G., Tsatsakis, A. and Krambovitis, E. 2006. A study of zearalenone cytotoxicity on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Toxicological Letters, 165(3): 274-281.
  • Walravens, J., Mikula, H., Rychlik, M., Asam, S., Ediage, E.N., Di Mavungu, J.D., Van Landschoot, A., Vanhaecke, L. and De Saeger, S. 2014. Development and validation of an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous determination of free and conjugated Alternaria toxins in cereal-based foodstuffs. Journal of Chromatography A, 1372: 91-101.
  • Wang, Y-J., Nie, J-Y., Zhen, Y., Li, Z-X., Cheng, Y. and Farooq, S. 2018. Multi-mycotoxin exposure and risk assessments for Chinese consumption of nuts and dried fruits. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17:1676- 1690.
  • Warth, B., Parich, A., Atehnkeng, J., Bandyopadhyay, R., Schuhmacher, R., Sulyok, M., Krska, R. 2012. Quantitation of mycotoxins in food and feed from Burkina Faso and Mozambique using a modern LCMS/MS multitoxin method. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60:9352-9363.
  • Wojciechowska, E., Weinert, C.H., Egert, B., Trierweiler, B., Schmidt-Heydt, M., Horneburg, B., GraeffHönninger, S., Kulling, S.E. and Geisen, R. 2014. Chlorogenic acid, a metabolite identified by untargeted metabolome analysis in resistant tomatoes, inhibits the colonization by Alternaria alternata by inhibiting alternariol biosynthesis. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 139: 735-747.
  • Yamagishi, D., Akamatsu, H., Otani, H., and Kodama, M. 2006. Pathological evaluation of host-specific AALtoxins and fumonisin mycotoxins produced by Alternaria and Fusarium species. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 72: 323–326. doi: 10.1007/s10327-006-0291-y
  • Yoder, O. 1980. Toxins in pathogenesis. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 18: 103-129.
  • Yu, W., Yu, F-Y., Undersander, D.J. and Chu, F.S. 1999. Immunoassays of selected mycotoxins in hay, silage and mixed feed. Food and Agricultural Immunology, 11: 307-319.
  • Zhang, Y., Li, H., Zhang, J., Shao, B. 2019. Determination of Alternaria toxins in drinking water by ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26:22485-22493.
  • Zhao, X., Liu, D.L., Yang, Y., Zhang, L., Yang, M. 2022. Detection of seven Alternaria toxins in edible and medicinal herbs using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chemistry: X, 13:100186.
  • Zur, G., Hallerman, E.M., Sharf, R., and Kashi, Y. 1999. Development of a polymerase chain reaction-based assay for the detection of Alternaria fungal contamination in food products. Journal of Food Protection, 62: 1191-1197.
Toplam 126 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ziraat Mühendisliği (Diğer), Ziraat, Veterinerlik ve Gıda Bilimleri
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Berna Tunalı 0000-0003-2798-0777

Yeter Küçüktopcu 0000-0002-2104-5764

Nazlı Tunalı 0000-0002-6293-8630

Songül Erken Meral 0000-0002-2183-3269

Seçil Eker 0000-0002-5409-6226

Bayram Kansu 0000-0001-5663-0528

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 1 Haziran 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Mayıs 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Tunalı, B., Küçüktopcu, Y., Tunalı, N., Erken Meral, S., vd. (2023). Alternaria Mikotoksinleri ve Önemi. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(1), 195-219. https://doi.org/10.20479/bursauludagziraat.1111062
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Makalelerde Araştırma ve Yayın Etiğine uyulduğuna dair ifadeye yer verilmelidir.
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Kullanılan fikir ve sanat eserleri için telif hakları düzenlemelerine riayet edilmesi gerekmektedir.
Makale sonunda; Araştırmacıların Katkı Oranı beyanı, varsa Destek ve Teşekkür Beyanı, Çatışma Beyanı verilmesi.
Etik Kurul izni gerektiren araştırmalar aşağıdaki gibidir.
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Ayrıca;
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Makale başvurusunda;

(1) Tam metin makale, Dergi yazım kurallarına uygun olmalı, Makalenin ilk sayfasında ve teşekkür bilgi notu kısmında Araştırma ve Yayın Etiğine uyulduğuna ve Etik kurul izni gerektirmediğine dair ifadeye yer verilmelidir. Etik kurul izni gerektiren çalışmalarda, izinle ilgili bilgiler (kurul adı, tarih ve sayı no) yöntem bölümünde ve ayrıca makale ilk/son sayfasında yer verilmeli ve sisteme belgenin yüklenmesi gerekmektedir. (Dergiye gönderilen makalelerde; konu ile ilgili olarak derginin daha önceki sayılarında yayımlanan en az bir yayına atıf yapılması önem arz etmektedir. Dergiye yapılan atıflarda “Bursa Uludag Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg.” kısaltması kullanılmalıdır.)

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(5) Araştırmacıların Katkı Oranı beyanı, Çıkar Çatışması beyanı verilmesi Makale sonunda; Araştırmacıların Katkı Oranı beyanı, varsa Destek ve Teşekkür Beyanı, Çatışma Beyanı verilmesi ve sisteme belgenin (Tüm yazarlar tarafından imzalanmış bir yazı) yüklenmesi gerekmektedir.

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