Derleme
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COVID-19 Hastalığı Geçiren Geriatrik Hastalarda, Tat Alma Duyusunun Disfonksiyonu: Derleme

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 174 - 181, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.47141/geriatrik.1251675

Öz

Koronavirüs (COVID-19), ilk vakanın 31 Aralık 2019 tarihinde görüldüğü hayvansal kaynaklı bir enfeksiyon hastalığıdır. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından (WHO) 11 Mart 2020 tarihinde dünya genelinde pandemi ilan edilmiştir. Hastalığın öksürük, ateş ve eklem ağrısı gibi majör semptomlarının yanı sıra koku ve tat kaybına neden olduğu bilinmektedir. Dünya genelinde hastalıktan en fazla etkilenen, hastaneye yatış ve mortalite oranları en yüksek olan popülasyon geriatrik hasta grubudur. Hastalığın major semptomları diğer yaş gruplarıyla kıyaslandığında daha ağır seyir gösteren geriatrik hasta popülasyonunda, tat ve koku kaybının klinik seyri diğer yaş gruplarından daha hafif olmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Roser M, Ritchie H, Ortiz-Ospina E, Hasell J. Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). Our world in data. 2020.
  • Giesecke J. The invisible pandemic. The Lancet. 2020;395(10238):e98.
  • Liu K, Chen Y, Lin R, Han K. Características clínicas de COVID-19 en pacientes ancianos: una comparación con pacientes jóvenes y de mediana edad. Revista de Infección. 2020.
  • Tian S, Hu W, Niu L, Liu H, Xu H, Xiao S. Pulmonary pathology of early phase 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia in two patients with lung cancer [e-pub ahead of print]. J Thorac Oncol. 2020.
  • Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Liu H, Wu Y, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2020;8(5):475-81.
  • Team E. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19)—China, 2020. China CDC weekly. 2020;2(8):113.
  • Guan W-j, Ni Z-y, Hu Y, Liang W-h, Ou C-q, He J-x, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New England journal of medicine. 2020;382(18):1708-20.
  • Control CfD, Prevention. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Technical Guidance for HIV/AIDS Surveillance Programs, Volume I: Policies and Procedures. Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2005. 2013.
  • Roper SD. Signal transduction and information processing in mammalian taste buds. Pflügers Archiv- European Journal of Physiology. 2007;454(5):759-76.
  • Yamaguchi S, Ninomiya K. Umami and food palatability. The Journal of nutrition. 2000;130(4):921S-6S.
  • Dunn GP, Bruce AT, Ikeda H, Old LJ, Schreiber RD. Cancer immunoediting: from immunosurveillance to tumor escape. Nature immunology. 2002;3(11):991-8.
  • CÖMERT M, GÜDEK M. Beşinci Tat: Umami (Fifth Taste: Umami). Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies. 2017;397:408.
  • Witt M, Reutter K. Anatomy of the tongue and taste buds. Handbook of olfaction and gustation. 2015;637(1002):9781118971758.
  • Pritchard TC, Di Lorenzo PM. Central taste anatomy and physiology of rodents and primates. Handbook of olfaction and gustation. 2015:701-26.
  • Dalton P. Olfaction and anosmia in rhinosinusitis. Current allergy and asthma reports. 2004;4(3):230-6.
  • Murphy C, Schubert CR, Cruickshanks KJ, Klein BE, Klein R, Nondahl DM. Prevalence of olfactory impairment in older adults. Jama. 2002;288(18):2307- 12.
  • Suzuki M, Saito K, Min WP, Vladau C, Toida K, Itoh H, et al. Identification of viruses in patients with postviral olfactory dysfunction. The Laryngoscope. 2007;117(2):272-7.
  • Hummel T, Landis BN, Hüttenbrink K-B. Smell and taste disorders. GMS current topics in otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery. 2011;10.
  • Khan MM, Parab SR. Tolerability and usability of 0.5% PVP-I gargles and nasal drops in 6692 patients: Observational study. American journal of otolaryngology. 2021;42(2):102880.
  • Van Riel D, Verdijk R, Kuiken T. The olfactory nerve: a shortcut for influenza and other viral diseases into the central nervous system. The Journal of pathology. 2015;235(2):277-87.
  • Netland J, Meyerholz DK, Moore S, Cassell M, Perlman S. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2. Journal of virology. 2008;82(15):7264-75.
  • Wu C, Zheng M. Single-cell RNA expression profiling shows that ACE2, the putative receptor of COVID-2019, has significant expression in nasal and mouth tissue, and is co-expressed with TMPRSS2 and not co-expressed with SLC6A19 in the tissues. 2020.
  • Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, Peng J, Dan H, Zeng X, et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. International journal of oral science. 2020;12(1):1-5.
  • Brann DH, Tsukahara T, Weinreb C, Lipovsek M, Van den Berge K, Gong B, et al. Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia. Science advances. 2020;6(31):eabc5801.
  • Vaira LA, Salzano G, Deiana G, De Riu G. Anosmia and ageusia: common findings in COVID‐19 patients. The Laryngoscope. 2020;130(7):1787-.
  • Berger JR. COVID-19 and the nervous system. Journal of neurovirology. 2020;26:143-8.
  • Dawson P, Rabold EM, Laws RL, Conners EE, Gharpure R, Yin S, et al. Loss of taste and smell as distinguishing symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2021;72(4):682-5.
  • Lechner M, Chandrasekharan D, Jumani K, Liu J, Gane S, Lund VJ, et al. Anosmia as a presenting symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers–a systematic review of the literature, case series, and recommendations for clinical assessment and management. Rhinology. 2020;58(4):394-9.
  • Wong DKC, Gendeh HS, Thong HK, Lum SG, Gendeh BS, Saim A, et al. A review of smell and taste dysfunction in COVID-19 patients. Med J Malaysia. 2020;75(5):574-81.
  • Lee Y, Min P, Lee S, Kim S-W. Prevalence and duration of acute loss of smell or taste in COVID-19 patients. Journal of Korean medical science. 2020;35(18).
  • Spinato G, Fabbris C, Polesel J, Cazzador D, Borsetto D, Hopkins C, et al. Alterations in smell or taste in mildly symptomatic outpatients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Jama. 2020;323(20):2089-90.
  • Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, Horoi M, Le Bon SD, Rodriguez A, et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 2020;277(8):2251-61.
  • Beltrán‐Corbellini Á, Chico‐García J, Martínez‐Poles J, Rodríguez‐Jorge F, Natera‐Villalba E, Gómez‐ Corral J, et al. Acute‐onset smell and taste disorders in the context of COVID‐19: a pilot multicentre polymerase chain reaction based case–control study. European journal of neurology. 2020;27(9):1738-41.
  • Menni C, Valdes AM, Freidin MB, Sudre CH, Nguyen LH, Drew DA, et al. Real-time tracking of self-reported symptoms to predict potential COVID-19. Nature medicine. 2020;26(7):1037-40.
  • Yan CH, Faraji F, Prajapati DP, Boone CE, DeConde AS, editors. Association of chemosensory dysfunction and Covid‐19 in patients presenting with influenza‐like symptoms. International forum of allergy & rhinology; 2020: Wiley Online Library.
  • Agyeman AA, Chin KL, Landersdorfer CB, Liew D, Ofori-Asenso R, editors. Smell and taste dysfunction in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings; 2020: Elsevier.
  • Speth MM, Singer-Cornelius T, Oberle M, Gengler I, Brockmeier SJ, Sedaghat AR. <? covid19?> Olfactory Dysfunction and Sinonasal Symptomatology in COVID-19: Prevalence, Severity, Timing, and Associated Characteristics. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2020;163(1):114-20.
  • Bonanad C, García-Blas S, Tarazona-Santabalbina FJ, Díez-Villanueva P, Ayesta A, Forés JS, et al. Coronavirus: the geriatric emergency of 2020. Joint document of the Section on Geriatric Cardiology of the Spanish Society of Cardiology and the Spanish Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology. Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition). 2020;73(7):569-76.
  • Farrell TW, Francis L, Brown T, Ferrante LE, Widera E, Rhodes R, et al. Rationing limited healthcare resources in the COVID‐19 era and beyond: ethical considerations regarding older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2020;68(6):1143-9.
  • Görgülü Ö, Duyan M. Effects of Comorbid Factors on Prognosis of Three Different Geriatric Groups with COVID-19 Diagnosis. SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine. 2020;2(12):2583-94.
  • Doty RL, Kamath V. The influences of age on olfaction: a review. Frontiers in psychology. 2014;5:20.
  • Methven L, Allen VJ, Withers CA, Gosney MA. Ageing and taste. Proceedings of the nutrition society. 2012;71(4):556-65.
  • Doty RL. Age-related deficits in taste and smell. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 2018;51(4):815-25.
  • Arey L, Tremaine M, Monzingo F. The numerical and topographical relations of taste buds to human circumv allate papillae throughout the life span. The Anatomical Record. 1935;64(1):9-25.
  • Özcan AV, Nalbant L, Nalbant AD. Geriatride Protetik Yaklaşımlar. ADO Klinik Bilimler Dergisi.6(3):1267-75.
  • Uota M, Ogawa T, Ikebe K, Arai Y, Kamide K, Gondo Y, et al. Factors related to taste sensitivity in elderly: cross‐sectional findings from SONIC study. Journal of oral rehabilitation. 2016;43(12):943-52.
  • Mckenna G, Burke FM. Age-related oral changes. Dental update. 2010;37(8):519-23.
  • Deems DA, Doty RL, Settle RG, Moore-Gillon V, Shaman P, Mester AF, et al. Smell and taste disorders, a study of 750 patients from the University of Pennsylvania Smell and Taste Center. Archives of otolaryngology–head & neck surgery. 1991;117(5):519-28.

Dysfunction of The Sense of Taste in Geriatric Patients With COVID-19 Disease: Review

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 174 - 181, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.47141/geriatrik.1251675

Öz

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new zoonotic infectious disease that was first reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) on December 31, 2019, and declared as a pandemic by WHO on March 11, 2020. It is known that the disease causes major symptoms such as cough, fever and joint pain, as well as loss of smell and taste. The population that is most affected by the disease and has the highest hospitalization and mortality rates in the world is the geriatric patient group. The clinical course of taste and smell loss is milder in the geriatric patient population, whose major symptoms of the disease have a more severe course compared to other age groups.

Kaynakça

  • Roser M, Ritchie H, Ortiz-Ospina E, Hasell J. Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). Our world in data. 2020.
  • Giesecke J. The invisible pandemic. The Lancet. 2020;395(10238):e98.
  • Liu K, Chen Y, Lin R, Han K. Características clínicas de COVID-19 en pacientes ancianos: una comparación con pacientes jóvenes y de mediana edad. Revista de Infección. 2020.
  • Tian S, Hu W, Niu L, Liu H, Xu H, Xiao S. Pulmonary pathology of early phase 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia in two patients with lung cancer [e-pub ahead of print]. J Thorac Oncol. 2020.
  • Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Liu H, Wu Y, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2020;8(5):475-81.
  • Team E. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19)—China, 2020. China CDC weekly. 2020;2(8):113.
  • Guan W-j, Ni Z-y, Hu Y, Liang W-h, Ou C-q, He J-x, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New England journal of medicine. 2020;382(18):1708-20.
  • Control CfD, Prevention. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Technical Guidance for HIV/AIDS Surveillance Programs, Volume I: Policies and Procedures. Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2005. 2013.
  • Roper SD. Signal transduction and information processing in mammalian taste buds. Pflügers Archiv- European Journal of Physiology. 2007;454(5):759-76.
  • Yamaguchi S, Ninomiya K. Umami and food palatability. The Journal of nutrition. 2000;130(4):921S-6S.
  • Dunn GP, Bruce AT, Ikeda H, Old LJ, Schreiber RD. Cancer immunoediting: from immunosurveillance to tumor escape. Nature immunology. 2002;3(11):991-8.
  • CÖMERT M, GÜDEK M. Beşinci Tat: Umami (Fifth Taste: Umami). Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies. 2017;397:408.
  • Witt M, Reutter K. Anatomy of the tongue and taste buds. Handbook of olfaction and gustation. 2015;637(1002):9781118971758.
  • Pritchard TC, Di Lorenzo PM. Central taste anatomy and physiology of rodents and primates. Handbook of olfaction and gustation. 2015:701-26.
  • Dalton P. Olfaction and anosmia in rhinosinusitis. Current allergy and asthma reports. 2004;4(3):230-6.
  • Murphy C, Schubert CR, Cruickshanks KJ, Klein BE, Klein R, Nondahl DM. Prevalence of olfactory impairment in older adults. Jama. 2002;288(18):2307- 12.
  • Suzuki M, Saito K, Min WP, Vladau C, Toida K, Itoh H, et al. Identification of viruses in patients with postviral olfactory dysfunction. The Laryngoscope. 2007;117(2):272-7.
  • Hummel T, Landis BN, Hüttenbrink K-B. Smell and taste disorders. GMS current topics in otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery. 2011;10.
  • Khan MM, Parab SR. Tolerability and usability of 0.5% PVP-I gargles and nasal drops in 6692 patients: Observational study. American journal of otolaryngology. 2021;42(2):102880.
  • Van Riel D, Verdijk R, Kuiken T. The olfactory nerve: a shortcut for influenza and other viral diseases into the central nervous system. The Journal of pathology. 2015;235(2):277-87.
  • Netland J, Meyerholz DK, Moore S, Cassell M, Perlman S. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2. Journal of virology. 2008;82(15):7264-75.
  • Wu C, Zheng M. Single-cell RNA expression profiling shows that ACE2, the putative receptor of COVID-2019, has significant expression in nasal and mouth tissue, and is co-expressed with TMPRSS2 and not co-expressed with SLC6A19 in the tissues. 2020.
  • Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, Peng J, Dan H, Zeng X, et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. International journal of oral science. 2020;12(1):1-5.
  • Brann DH, Tsukahara T, Weinreb C, Lipovsek M, Van den Berge K, Gong B, et al. Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia. Science advances. 2020;6(31):eabc5801.
  • Vaira LA, Salzano G, Deiana G, De Riu G. Anosmia and ageusia: common findings in COVID‐19 patients. The Laryngoscope. 2020;130(7):1787-.
  • Berger JR. COVID-19 and the nervous system. Journal of neurovirology. 2020;26:143-8.
  • Dawson P, Rabold EM, Laws RL, Conners EE, Gharpure R, Yin S, et al. Loss of taste and smell as distinguishing symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2021;72(4):682-5.
  • Lechner M, Chandrasekharan D, Jumani K, Liu J, Gane S, Lund VJ, et al. Anosmia as a presenting symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers–a systematic review of the literature, case series, and recommendations for clinical assessment and management. Rhinology. 2020;58(4):394-9.
  • Wong DKC, Gendeh HS, Thong HK, Lum SG, Gendeh BS, Saim A, et al. A review of smell and taste dysfunction in COVID-19 patients. Med J Malaysia. 2020;75(5):574-81.
  • Lee Y, Min P, Lee S, Kim S-W. Prevalence and duration of acute loss of smell or taste in COVID-19 patients. Journal of Korean medical science. 2020;35(18).
  • Spinato G, Fabbris C, Polesel J, Cazzador D, Borsetto D, Hopkins C, et al. Alterations in smell or taste in mildly symptomatic outpatients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Jama. 2020;323(20):2089-90.
  • Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, Horoi M, Le Bon SD, Rodriguez A, et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 2020;277(8):2251-61.
  • Beltrán‐Corbellini Á, Chico‐García J, Martínez‐Poles J, Rodríguez‐Jorge F, Natera‐Villalba E, Gómez‐ Corral J, et al. Acute‐onset smell and taste disorders in the context of COVID‐19: a pilot multicentre polymerase chain reaction based case–control study. European journal of neurology. 2020;27(9):1738-41.
  • Menni C, Valdes AM, Freidin MB, Sudre CH, Nguyen LH, Drew DA, et al. Real-time tracking of self-reported symptoms to predict potential COVID-19. Nature medicine. 2020;26(7):1037-40.
  • Yan CH, Faraji F, Prajapati DP, Boone CE, DeConde AS, editors. Association of chemosensory dysfunction and Covid‐19 in patients presenting with influenza‐like symptoms. International forum of allergy & rhinology; 2020: Wiley Online Library.
  • Agyeman AA, Chin KL, Landersdorfer CB, Liew D, Ofori-Asenso R, editors. Smell and taste dysfunction in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings; 2020: Elsevier.
  • Speth MM, Singer-Cornelius T, Oberle M, Gengler I, Brockmeier SJ, Sedaghat AR. <? covid19?> Olfactory Dysfunction and Sinonasal Symptomatology in COVID-19: Prevalence, Severity, Timing, and Associated Characteristics. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2020;163(1):114-20.
  • Bonanad C, García-Blas S, Tarazona-Santabalbina FJ, Díez-Villanueva P, Ayesta A, Forés JS, et al. Coronavirus: the geriatric emergency of 2020. Joint document of the Section on Geriatric Cardiology of the Spanish Society of Cardiology and the Spanish Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology. Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition). 2020;73(7):569-76.
  • Farrell TW, Francis L, Brown T, Ferrante LE, Widera E, Rhodes R, et al. Rationing limited healthcare resources in the COVID‐19 era and beyond: ethical considerations regarding older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2020;68(6):1143-9.
  • Görgülü Ö, Duyan M. Effects of Comorbid Factors on Prognosis of Three Different Geriatric Groups with COVID-19 Diagnosis. SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine. 2020;2(12):2583-94.
  • Doty RL, Kamath V. The influences of age on olfaction: a review. Frontiers in psychology. 2014;5:20.
  • Methven L, Allen VJ, Withers CA, Gosney MA. Ageing and taste. Proceedings of the nutrition society. 2012;71(4):556-65.
  • Doty RL. Age-related deficits in taste and smell. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 2018;51(4):815-25.
  • Arey L, Tremaine M, Monzingo F. The numerical and topographical relations of taste buds to human circumv allate papillae throughout the life span. The Anatomical Record. 1935;64(1):9-25.
  • Özcan AV, Nalbant L, Nalbant AD. Geriatride Protetik Yaklaşımlar. ADO Klinik Bilimler Dergisi.6(3):1267-75.
  • Uota M, Ogawa T, Ikebe K, Arai Y, Kamide K, Gondo Y, et al. Factors related to taste sensitivity in elderly: cross‐sectional findings from SONIC study. Journal of oral rehabilitation. 2016;43(12):943-52.
  • Mckenna G, Burke FM. Age-related oral changes. Dental update. 2010;37(8):519-23.
  • Deems DA, Doty RL, Settle RG, Moore-Gillon V, Shaman P, Mester AF, et al. Smell and taste disorders, a study of 750 patients from the University of Pennsylvania Smell and Taste Center. Archives of otolaryngology–head & neck surgery. 1991;117(5):519-28.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Klinik Tıp Bilimleri
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Başak Topdağı 0000-0002-4242-7681

Funda Bayındır 0000-0001-5699-2879

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Şubat 2023
Kabul Tarihi 7 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Topdağı, B., & Bayındır, F. (2023). COVID-19 Hastalığı Geçiren Geriatrik Hastalarda, Tat Alma Duyusunun Disfonksiyonu: Derleme. Geriatrik Bilimler Dergisi, 6(3), 174-181. https://doi.org/10.47141/geriatrik.1251675
AMA Topdağı B, Bayındır F. COVID-19 Hastalığı Geçiren Geriatrik Hastalarda, Tat Alma Duyusunun Disfonksiyonu: Derleme. GBD. Aralık 2023;6(3):174-181. doi:10.47141/geriatrik.1251675
Chicago Topdağı, Başak, ve Funda Bayındır. “COVID-19 Hastalığı Geçiren Geriatrik Hastalarda, Tat Alma Duyusunun Disfonksiyonu: Derleme”. Geriatrik Bilimler Dergisi 6, sy. 3 (Aralık 2023): 174-81. https://doi.org/10.47141/geriatrik.1251675.
EndNote Topdağı B, Bayındır F (01 Aralık 2023) COVID-19 Hastalığı Geçiren Geriatrik Hastalarda, Tat Alma Duyusunun Disfonksiyonu: Derleme. Geriatrik Bilimler Dergisi 6 3 174–181.
IEEE B. Topdağı ve F. Bayındır, “COVID-19 Hastalığı Geçiren Geriatrik Hastalarda, Tat Alma Duyusunun Disfonksiyonu: Derleme”, GBD, c. 6, sy. 3, ss. 174–181, 2023, doi: 10.47141/geriatrik.1251675.
ISNAD Topdağı, Başak - Bayındır, Funda. “COVID-19 Hastalığı Geçiren Geriatrik Hastalarda, Tat Alma Duyusunun Disfonksiyonu: Derleme”. Geriatrik Bilimler Dergisi 6/3 (Aralık 2023), 174-181. https://doi.org/10.47141/geriatrik.1251675.
JAMA Topdağı B, Bayındır F. COVID-19 Hastalığı Geçiren Geriatrik Hastalarda, Tat Alma Duyusunun Disfonksiyonu: Derleme. GBD. 2023;6:174–181.
MLA Topdağı, Başak ve Funda Bayındır. “COVID-19 Hastalığı Geçiren Geriatrik Hastalarda, Tat Alma Duyusunun Disfonksiyonu: Derleme”. Geriatrik Bilimler Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 3, 2023, ss. 174-81, doi:10.47141/geriatrik.1251675.
Vancouver Topdağı B, Bayındır F. COVID-19 Hastalığı Geçiren Geriatrik Hastalarda, Tat Alma Duyusunun Disfonksiyonu: Derleme. GBD. 2023;6(3):174-81.

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