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Properties of Chitosan, Application Areas, Effects on Plant Systems

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 3, 258 - 269, 01.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.7240/jeps.635430

Öz

Chemical methods that have been used for many years to reduce the economic losses during agricultural production have an adverse effect on human health and ecological balance. Therefore, in recent years, researches about harmless environmental improvement methods have increased. One of the preferred natural conditioners as an alternative to chemical products is chitosan. Chitosan is obtained from the chitin deacetylation method, which is commonly found in the skeleton of shellfish such as crab, lobster, shrimp. Besides having antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal properties, chitosan is an effective agent in controlling and reducing the spread of diseases by promoting the defense system of plants. In addition to this, it has been started to be used in the agricultural field as it chelates metal ions in its environment (water, soil, etc.) and prevents the ingestion of toxic effective metals by the plants. Despite many studies, the mechanism of action of chitosan in plants has not been fully elucidated. The increase in detailed studies on chitosan will help to obtain high yields of products with the use of chitosan in agricultural fields.

Kaynakça

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Kitosanın Özellikleri, Uygulama Alanları, Bitki Sistemlerine Etkileri

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 3, 258 - 269, 01.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.7240/jeps.635430

Öz

Tarımda ürün eldesi sırasında meydana
gelen ekonomik kayıpları azaltmak için uzun yıllardır kullanılan kimyasal
yöntemler, insan sağlığı ve ekolojik dengeyi olumsuz etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle
son yıllarda çevreye zararsız iyileştirme yöntemleri ile ilgili araştırmalar
artmıştır. Kimyasal ürünlere alternatif olarak tercih edilen doğal iyileştiricilerden
birisi de kitosandır. Kitosan, çoğunlukla yengeç, ıstakoz, karides gibi kabuklu
su canlılarının iskeletinde yaygın olarak bulunan kitinden deasetilasyon
yöntemiyle elde edilmektedir. Kitosan antiviral, antibakteriyel ve antifungal
özelliğe sahip olmasının yanında, bitkilerin savunma sistemini de teşvik ederek
hastalıkların kontrolü ve yayılmalarının azaltılmasında da etkili bir ajandır.
Bunun yanında bulunduğu ortamda (su, toprak vb.) metal iyonlarını şelatlaması
ve bitkilerin toksik etkili metallerin alınımını engellemesi nedeniyle tarım
alanında iyileştirmede de kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Yapılan çok sayıdaki
çalışmaya rağmen kitosanın bitkilerdeki etki mekanizması tam olarak
aydınlatılamamıştır. Kitosanla ilgili detaylı çalışmaların artması, tarımsal
alanlarda kitosan kullanımı ile ürünlerden yüksek verim alınabilmesi için
yardımcı olacaktır.

Kaynakça

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  • Dutta, P. K., Ravikumar, M. N. V., & Dutta, J. (2002). Chitin and chitosan for versatile applications. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part C: Polymer Reviews, 42(3), 307-354.
  • Demir, A., & Seventekin, N. (2009). Kitin, kitosan ve genel kullanım alanları. Tekstil Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 3(2), 92-103.
  • Vasconcelos, M. W. (2014). Chitosan and chitooligosaccharide utilization in phytoremediation and biofortification programs: current knowledge and future perspectives. Frontiers in plant science, 5
  • Malerba, M., & Cerana, R. (2016). Chitosan effects on plant systems. International journal of molecular sciences, 17(7), 996.
  • El Hadrami, A., Adam, L. R., El Hadrami, I., & Daayf, F. (2010). Chitosan in plant protection. Marine drugs, 8(4), 968-987.
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  • Hernandez-Lauzardo, A. N., Bautista-Baños, S., Velazquez-Del Valle, M. G., Méndez-Montealvo, M. G., Sánchez-Rivera, M. M., & Bello-Perez, L. A. (2008). Antifungal effects of chitosan with different molecular weights on in vitro development of Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.: Fr.) Vuill. Carbohydrate Polymers, 73(4), 541-547.
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  • Olicón-Hernández, D. R., Hernández-Lauzardo, A. N., Pardo, J. P., Peña, A., Velázquez-del Valle, M. G., & Guerra-Sánchez, G. (2015). Influence of chitosan and its derivatives on cell development and physiology of Ustilago maydis. International journal of biological macromolecules, 79, 654-660.
  • Terrile, M. C., Mansilla, A. Y., Albertengo, L., Rodríguez, M. S., & Casalongué, C. A. (2015). Nitric‐oxide‐mediated cell death is triggered by chitosan in Fusarium eumartii spores. Pest management science, 71(5), 668-674.
  • Khan, A. A. (1992). Preplant physiological seed conditioning. Horticultural reviews, 13(1), 131-181.
  • Bhaskara Reddy, M. V., Arul, J., Angers, P., & Couture, L. (1999). Chitosan treatment of wheat seeds induces resistance to Fusarium graminearum and improves seed quality. Journal of Agricultural and Food chemistry, 47(3), 1208-1216.
  • Zhou, Y. G., Yang, Y. D., Qi, Y. G., Zhang, Z. M., Wang, X. J., & Hu, X. J. (2002). Effects of chitosan on some physiological activity in germinating seed of peanut. Journal of Peanut Science, 31(1), 22-25.
  • Ruan, S., & Xue, Q. (2002). Effects of chitosan coating on seed germination and salt-tolerance of seedling in hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.). Zuo wu xue bao, 28(6), 803-808.
  • Cheah L. H., & Page, B. B. C. (1997, August). Trichoderma spp. for potential biocontrol of clubroot of vegetable brassicas. In Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference (pp. 150-153). NEW ZEALAND PLANT PROTECTION SOCIETY INC.
  • Guan, Y. J., Hu, J., Wang, X. J., & Shao, C. X. (2009). Seed priming with chitosan improves maize germination and seedling growth in relation to physiological changes under low temperature stress. Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B, 10(6), 427-433.
  • Faoro, F., Maffi, D., Cantu, D., & Iriti, M. (2008). Chemical-induced resistance against powdery mildew in barley: the effects of chitosan and benzothiadiazole. Biocontrol, 53(2), 387-401.
  • Iriti, M., Picchi, V., Rossoni, M., Gomarasca, S., Ludwig, N., Gargano, M., & Faoro, F. (2009). Chitosan antitranspirant activity is due to abscisic acid-dependent stomatal closure. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 66(3), 493-500.
  • Rabea, E. I., Badawy, M. E. T., Stevens, C. V., Smagghe, G., & Steurbaut, W. (2003). Chitosan as antimicrobial agent: applications and mode of action. Biomacromolecules, 4(6), 1457-1465.
  • Murphy, J. G., Rafferty, S. M., & Cassells, A. C. (2000). Stimulation of wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca) arbuscular mycorrhizas by addition of shellfish waste to the growth substrate: interaction between mycorrhization, substrate amendment and susceptibility to red core (Phytophthora fragariae). Applied Soil Ecology, 15(2), 153-158.
  • Chookhongkha, N., Miyagawa, S., Jirakiattikul, Y., & Photchanachai, S. (2012, November). Chili growth and seed productivity as affected by chitosan. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Agriculture Technology and Food Sciences (ICATFS’2012), Manila, Philippines (pp. 17-18).
  • Kuchitsu, K., Yazaki, Y., Sakano, K., & Shibuya, N. (1997). Transient cytoplasmic pH change and ion fluxes through the plasma memberan in suspension-cultured rice cells triggered by N-acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitor. Plant and cell physiology, 38(9), 1012-1018.
  • Kuchitsu, K., Kosaka, H., Shiga, T., & Shibuya, N. (1995). EPR evidence for generation of hydroxyl radical triggered byN-acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitor and a protein phosphatase inhibitor in suspension-cultured rice cells. Protoplasma, 188(1-2), 138-142.
  • Nojiri, H., Sugimori, M., Yamane, H., Nishimura, Y., Yamada, A., Shibuya, N., ... & Omori, T. (1996). Involvement of jasmonic acid in elicitor-induced phytoalexin production in suspension-cultured rice cells. Plant Physiology, 110(2), 387-392.
  • Takai, R., Hasegawa, K., Kaku, H., Shibuya, N., & Minami, E. (2001). Isolation and analysis of expression mechanisms of a rice gene, EL5, which shows structural similarity to ATL family from Arabidopsis, in response to N-acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitor. Plant Science, 160(4), 577-583.
  • Bornet, A., & Teissedre, P. L. (2008). Chitosan, chitin-glucan and chitin effects on minerals (iron, lead, cadmium) and organic (ochratoxin A) contaminants in wines. European Food Research and Technology, 226(4), 681-689.
  • N. Ben-Shalom, in R. Brzezinski, I. Boucher, A. Retnakaran (Eds.), Chitosan–metal complex as a natural agricultural product against plant diseases, in: Proceedings of the 9th International Chitin–Chitosan Conference, Montréal, Canada, August 27–30, 2003.
  • Varma, A. J., Deshpande, S. V., & Kennedy, J. F. (2004). Metal complexation by chitosan and its derivatives: a review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 55(1), 77-93.
  • Muzzarelli, R. (1992). Depolymerization of methyl pyrrolidinone chitosan by lysozyme. Carbohydrate polymers, 19(1), 29-34.
  • Vasconcelos, M., Datta, K., Oliva, N., Khalekuzzaman, M., Torrizo, L., Krishnan, S., et al. (2003). Enhanced iron and zinc accumulation in transgenic rice with the ferritin gene. Plant Sci. 164, 371–378. doi: 10.1016/S0168-9452(02)00421-1
  • Chung, Y. C., Kuo, C. L., & Chen, C. C. (2005). Preparation and important functional properties of water-soluble chitosan produced through Maillard reaction. Bioresource Technology, 96(13), 1473-1482.
  • Bostan, K., Aldemir, T., & Aydın, A. (2007). Kitosan ve antimikrobiyal aktivitesi. Türk Mikrobiyal Cem Dergisi, 37(2), 118-127.
  • Kurt, Ş., & Zorba, Ö. (2005). Kitin (Chitin), Kitosan (Chitosan) ve Türevlerinin Gıdalarda Kullanım Olanakları. GIDA/THE JOURNAL OF FOOD, 30(6).
  • Hadwiger, L. A., Kendra, D. F., Fristensky, B. W., & Wagoner, W. (1986). Chitosan both activates genes in plants and inhibits RNA synthesis in fungi. In Chitin in nature and technology (pp. 209-214). Springer, Boston, MA.
  • Limpanavech, P., Chaiyasuta, S., Vongpromek, R., Pichyangkura, R., Khunwasi, C., Chadchawan, S., ... & Bangyeekhun, T. (2008). Chitosan effects on floral production, gene expression, and anatomical changes in the Dendrobium orchid. Scientia Horticulturae, 116(1), 65-72.
  • Hadwiger, L. A. (2013). Multiple effects of chitosan on plant systems: solid science or hype. Plant science, 208, 42-49.
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  • Singh, S. (2016). Enhancing phytochemical levels, enzymatic and antioxidant activity of spinach leaves by chitosan treatment and an insight into the metabolic pathway using DART-MS technique. Food chemistry, 199, 176-184.
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  • Janda, M., & Ruelland, E. (2015). Magical mystery tour: salicylic acid signalling. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 114, 117-128.
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  • Zhang, S., Li, X., Sun, Z., Shao, S., Hu, L., Ye, M., ... & Shi, K. (2015). Antagonism between phytohormone signalling underlies the variation in disease susceptibility of tomato plants under elevated CO2. Journal of Experimental Botany, 66(7), 1951-1963.
  • Rakwal, R., Tamogami, S., Agrawal, G. K., & Iwahashi, H. (2002). Octadecanoid signaling component “burst” in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedling leaves upon wounding by cut and treatment with fungal elicitor chitosan. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 295(5), 1041-1045.
  • Yin, H., Li, Y., Zhang, H. Y., Wang, W. X., Lu, H., Grevsen, K., ... & Du, Y. (2013). Chitosan oligosaccharides–triggered innate immunity contributes to oilseed rape resistance against Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 174(4), 722-732.
  • Jia, X., Meng, Q., Zeng, H., Wang, W., & Yin, H. (2016). Chitosan oligosaccharide induces resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus in Arabidopsis via the salicylic acid-mediated signalling pathway. Scientific reports, 6, 26144.
  • Zhang, H., Zhao, X., Yang, J., Yin, H., Wang, W., Lu, H., & Du, Y. (2011). Nitric oxide production and its functional link with OIPK in tobacco defense response elicited by chitooligosaccharide. Plant cell reports, 30(6), 1153-1162.
  • Malerba, M., Crosti, P., & Cerana, R. (2012). Defense/stress responses activated by chitosan in sycamore cultured cells. Protoplasma, 249(1), 89-98.
  • Iriti, M., & Varoni, E. M. (2015). Chitosan-induced antiviral activity and innate immunity in plants. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(4), 2935-2944.
  • Ghasemnezhad, M., & Shiri, M. A. (2010). Effect of chitosan coatings on some quality indices of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) during cold storage. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 8(1), 25-33.
  • Ali, A., Muhammad, M. T. M., Sijam, K., & Siddiqui, Y. (2011). Effect of chitosan coatings on the physicochemical characteristics of Eksotika II papaya (Carica papaya L.) fruit during cold storage. Food chemistry, 124(2), 620-626.
  • FAO Statistical Yearbook 2013. Available online: http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3107e/i3107e00.htm) (accessed on 16 September 2014).
Toplam 102 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Gamze Kurtuluş 0000-0002-4053-9292

Filiz Vardar 0000-0002-1051-5628

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Eylül 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 32 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Kurtuluş, G., & Vardar, F. (2020). Kitosanın Özellikleri, Uygulama Alanları, Bitki Sistemlerine Etkileri. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences, 32(3), 258-269. https://doi.org/10.7240/jeps.635430
AMA Kurtuluş G, Vardar F. Kitosanın Özellikleri, Uygulama Alanları, Bitki Sistemlerine Etkileri. JEPS. Eylül 2020;32(3):258-269. doi:10.7240/jeps.635430
Chicago Kurtuluş, Gamze, ve Filiz Vardar. “Kitosanın Özellikleri, Uygulama Alanları, Bitki Sistemlerine Etkileri”. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences 32, sy. 3 (Eylül 2020): 258-69. https://doi.org/10.7240/jeps.635430.
EndNote Kurtuluş G, Vardar F (01 Eylül 2020) Kitosanın Özellikleri, Uygulama Alanları, Bitki Sistemlerine Etkileri. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences 32 3 258–269.
IEEE G. Kurtuluş ve F. Vardar, “Kitosanın Özellikleri, Uygulama Alanları, Bitki Sistemlerine Etkileri”, JEPS, c. 32, sy. 3, ss. 258–269, 2020, doi: 10.7240/jeps.635430.
ISNAD Kurtuluş, Gamze - Vardar, Filiz. “Kitosanın Özellikleri, Uygulama Alanları, Bitki Sistemlerine Etkileri”. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences 32/3 (Eylül 2020), 258-269. https://doi.org/10.7240/jeps.635430.
JAMA Kurtuluş G, Vardar F. Kitosanın Özellikleri, Uygulama Alanları, Bitki Sistemlerine Etkileri. JEPS. 2020;32:258–269.
MLA Kurtuluş, Gamze ve Filiz Vardar. “Kitosanın Özellikleri, Uygulama Alanları, Bitki Sistemlerine Etkileri”. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences, c. 32, sy. 3, 2020, ss. 258-69, doi:10.7240/jeps.635430.
Vancouver Kurtuluş G, Vardar F. Kitosanın Özellikleri, Uygulama Alanları, Bitki Sistemlerine Etkileri. JEPS. 2020;32(3):258-69.