Araştırma Makalesi
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Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 32 - 46, 01.01.2024

Barış Eriçok Duran Mavi

https://doi.org/10.17275/per.24.3.11.1

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Akande, O. D., Musarurwa, H. J., & Kaye, S. B. (2018). Students' attitudes and perceptions on xenophobia: A study of a university in Durban. Journal of Student Affairs in Africa, 6(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.24085/jsaa.v6i2.3307
  • Akinola, A. O. (2017). Introduction: understanding xenophobia in Africa. In A.O. Akinola (Eds.), The political economy of xenophobia in Africa: Advances in African economic, social and political development (pp. 1-7). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64897-2_1
  • Allen, R., & Ye, Y. (2021). Why will deteriorating relations, xenophobia, and safety concerns deter Chinese international student mobility to the United States. Journal of International Students, 11(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v11i2.3731
  • Atuesta, L. H., & Paredes, D. (2016). Do Mexicans flee from violence? The effects of drug-related violence on migration decisions in Mexico. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 42(3), 480-502. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2015.1079122
  • Aydın, H., & Kaya, Y. (2020). The educational needs of and barriers faced by Syrian refugee students in Turkey: A qualitative case study. In M. Catarci, M. G. Gomes, & S. Squeira (Eds.), Refugees, interculturalism and education (pp. 131-148). Routledge. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2017.1336373
  • Bayır, D., & Aksu, F. (2020). Açık Kapı politikasından güvenlik tehdidine Türkiye’de Suriyeli sığınmacılar olgusu [From the Open-Door policy to security threat: The case of Syrian asylum seekers in Türkiye]. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi [Marmara University Journal of Political Science], 8(2), 324-356. https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.789791
  • Bordeau, J. (2009). Xenophobia. The Rosen.
  • Bozdağ, F. (2020). Xenophobia and social contact in university students. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 8(4), 87-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.8n.4p.87
  • Bryman, A. (2012). Social research methods (4th ed.). Oxford University.
  • Çelik, Ç., & İçduygu, A. (2019). Schools and refugee children: The case of Syrians in Turkey. International Migration, 57(2), 253-267. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12488
  • Ceyhan, M. A., & Koçbaş, D. (2011). Göç ve çokdillilik bağlamında okullarda okuryazarlık edinimi [Literacy acquisition in schools in the context of migration and multilingualism]. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi [Istanbul Bilgi University].
  • CoHE. (2023). CoHE statistics. Accessed from https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr/ on 26/10/2023.
  • Colorado-Yohar, S., Tormo, M. J., Salmerón, D., Dios, S., Ballesta, M., & Navarro, C. (2012). Violence reported by the immigrant population is high as compared with the native population in southeast Spain. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(16), 3322-3340. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512441260
  • Creswell, J. W. (2011). Educational research: Planning, conducting and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Pearson.
  • Forbes-Mewett, H. (2020). Vulnerability and resilience in a mobile world the case of international students. Journal of International Students, 10(3), 9-11. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v10i3.2002
  • Frederickson, G. M. (2002). Racism: A short history. Princeton University.
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2022). IBM SPSS statistics 26 step by step: A simple guide and reference (17th ed.). Routledge.
  • Guillerme, G. (2021). International student mobility report. TIME Association.
  • Güngör, F., & Şenel, E. A. (2018). Yabancı uyruklu ilkokul öğrencilerinin eğitim-öğretiminde yaşanan sorunlara ilişkin öğretmen ve öğrenci görüşleri [Teachers and students views in problems of the foreign primary school students in education process encountered]. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, 8(2), 124-173. https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.454575
  • Hatton, T. J., & Williamson, J. G. (2003). What fundamentals drive world migration? In G. J. Borjas, & J. Crisp (Eds.), Poverty, international migration and asylum (pp. 15-38). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230522534
  • Hjerm, M. (2001). Education, xenophobia and nationalism: A comparative analysis. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(1), 37-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830124482
  • Holmberg, L., & Kyvsgaard, B. (2003). Are immigrants and their descendants discriminated against in the Danish criminal justice system? Journal of Scandinavian studies in criminology and crime prevention, 4(2), 125-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/14043850310020027
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Hurtado, S. (1992). The campus racial climate: Contexts of conflict. The Journal of Higher Education, 63(5), 539-569. https://doi.org/10.2307/1982093
  • Inglehart, R. F. (2018). Modernization, existential security, and cultural change. In M. J. Gelfand, C. Chiu, & Y. Hong (Eds.), Handbook of advances in culture and psychology (pp. 1-80). Oxford University. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879228.003.0001
  • Işık, İ. E. (2007). A view from Istanbul: Where does Turkey stand on the issues of migration and multiculturalism? In E. Berggren, B. Likić-Brborić, G. Toksöz, & N. Trimiklinioti (Eds.), Irregular migration, informal labour and community: A Challenge for Europe (pp. 118-132). Shaker.
  • Karabacak, N. (2020). An examination of Syrian students' educational experiences at school from the reflections of teachers. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 78(5), 754-776. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/20.78.754
  • Karabulut, R., & Mahmut, A. (2018). Suriyeli sığınmacıların Türkiye’ye ekonomik maliyeti (2011-2017) [Economic cost of Syrian asylum seekers to Türkiye (2011-2017)]. Individual and Society Journal of Social Science, 8(1), 131-144.
  • Kim, D. H., & Sundstrom, R. R. (2014). Xenophobia and racism. Critical Philosophy of Race, 2(1), 20-45. https://doi.org/10.5325/critphilrace.2.1.0020
  • Kocatürk, M., & Bozdağ, F. (2020). Xenophobia among university students: Its relationship with five factor model and dark triad personality traits. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 6(3), 545-554. https://doi.org/10.12973/ijem.6.3.545
  • Kondakci, Y., Zayim Kurtay, M., Kaya Kasikci, S., Senay, H. H., & Kulakoglu, B. (2023). Higher education for forcibly displaced migrants in Turkey. Higher Education Research & Development, 42(3), 619-632. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2022.2106946
  • Landau, L. B., Ramjathan-Keogh, K., & Singh, G. (2005). Xenophobia in South Africa and problems related to it. Forced Migration Working Paper Series (No. 13). University of the Witwatersrand.
  • Lau, J. (2020). Coronavirus sparks a rising tide of xenophobia worldwide. Times Higher Education. Accessed from https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/coronavirus-sparks-rising-tide-ofxenophobia-worldwide on 26/10/2023.
  • Matthews, J. (2008). Schooling and settlement: Refugee education in Australia. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 18(1), 31-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/09620210802195947
  • McAuliffe, M., & A., Triandafyllidou (2021). World migration report 2022. International Organization for Migration. Accessed from https://publications.iom.int/books/world-migration-report-2022 on 26/10/2023.
  • McGuire, R. H. (2020). The materiality and heritage of contemporary forc/ed migration. Annual Review of Anthropology, 49, 175-191. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-010220-074624
  • Mgogo, Q., & Osunkunle, O. (2023). Students' perceptions of the influence of media on perpetuating xenophobia in South African universities. The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa, 19(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.4102/td.v19i1.1218
  • Miguel, C.S., Miller, J. M., Kwak, D.-H., Lee-Gonyea, J. A., Gonyea, N. E. (2011). Xenophobia among hispanic college students and implications for the criminal justice system. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 27(1), 95-109. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986211402251
  • Moagi, M., Wyatt, G., Mokgobi, M., Loeb, T., Zhang, M., & Davhana-Maselesele, M. (2018). Mozambican immigrants to South Africa: Their xenophobia and discrimination experiences. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 28(3), 196-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2018.1475485
  • MoIGDoMM. (2021). Temporary protection. MoIGDoMM. Accessed https://www.goc.gov.tr/gecici-koruma5638 from on 26/10/2023.
  • Önaç, A. K., & Altunsoy, H. (2020). Cultural and spatial changes caused by intensive migration in urban areas; evidence from Hatay, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Forest Science, 4(2), 270-281. https://doi.org/10.32328/turkjforsci.749328
  • Özmete, E., Yıldırım, H., & Duru, S. (2018). Yabancı düşmanlığı (zenofobi) ölçeğinin Türk kültürüne uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Adaptation of the scale of xenophobia to Turkish culture: Validity and reliability study]. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi [Journal of Social Policy Studies], 40(2), 191-209. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.v18i39974.451063
  • Paalo, S. A., Adu-Gyamfi, S., & Arthur, D. D. (2022). Xenophobia and the challenge of regional integration in Africa: Understanding three cardinal dynamics. Acta Academica, 54(2), 6-23. https://doi.org/10.18820/24150479/aa54i2/2
  • Pallant, J. (2005). SPSS Survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows (Version 12). Allen and Unwin.
  • Poyrazlı, S., & Lopez, M. D. (2007). An exploratory study of perceived discrimination and homesickness: A comparison of international students and American students. The Journal of Psychology, 141(3), 263-280. https://doi.org/10.3200/jrlp.141.3.263-280
  • Saraçoğlu, C., & Bélanger, D. (2019). Loss and xenophobia in the city: Contextualizing anti-Syrian sentiments in Izmir, Turkey. Patterns of Prejudice, 1-21. http://doi.org/10.1080/0031322x.2019.1615779
  • Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2006), Research methods for business students (4. bs.). Prentice Hall.
  • Suleman, S., Garber, K. D., & Rutkow, L. (2018). Xenophobia as a determinant of health: An integrative review. Journal of Public Health Policy, 39, 407-423. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-018-0140-1
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson.
  • Thakkar, J. J. (2020). Structural equation modeling: Application for research and practice (with AMOS and R). Springer.
  • Ullah, A. A., Lee, S. C. W., Hassan, N. H., & Nawaz, F. (2020). Xenophobia in the GCC countries: Migrants' desire and distress. Global Affairs, 6(2), 203-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2020.1738951
  • Van Der Veer, K., Yakushko, O., Ommundsen, R., & Higler, L. (2011). Cross-national measure of fear-based xenophobia: Development of a cumulative scale. Psychological Reports, 109(1), 27-42. https://doi.org/10.2466/07.17.pr0.109.4.27-42
  • World Bank. (2021). The global cost of inclusive refugee education. The World Bank. Accessed from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/159281614191477048/The-Global-Cost-of-Inclusive-Refugee-Education on 26/10/2023.
  • Yakushko, O. (2009). Xenophobia: Understanding the roots and consequences of negative attitudes toward immigrants. The Counseling Psychologist, 37(1), 36-66.
  • Yakushko, O. (2018). Modern-day xenophobia: Critical historical and theoretical perspectives on the roots of anti-immigrant prejudice. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Yılmaz, A., & Geylani, D. (2022). Islamophobia, xenophobia, and racism. Ankara University SBF Journal, 7(2), 25-32.
  • Zaman, U. (2020). Examining the effect of xenophobia on "transnational" mega construction project (MCP) success: Moderating role of transformational leadership and high-performance work (HPW) practices. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 27(5), 1119-1143. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-05-2019-0227

Xenophobia Perceptions of Turkish University Students: An Investigation According to Various Variables

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 32 - 46, 01.01.2024

Barış Eriçok Duran Mavi

https://doi.org/10.17275/per.24.3.11.1

Öz

The present study aims to examine the perceptions of xenophobia among students in higher education institutions in Türkiye. In this study, a correlational research design was used. The research data were obtained from 512 Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University students. The convenience sampling technique was utilized to select the participants. The Xenophobia Scale developed by Van Der Veer et al. (2011) and adapted into Turkish by Özmete et al. (2018) was used to collect data. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the data. The initial findings indicated that the participants exhibited a generally high perception of xenophobia. It is considered that this is a situation that should be taken into consideration in terms of migration policies and the social dynamics of the country. Logistic regression results showed that gender, age, school level, faculty type, traveling abroad, income, the place of growth, migration, multiculturalism, empathy education, being married to a foreigner, and having foreign friend variables did not predict the xenophobia perceptions of the participants. These results show the complexity of xenophobia perceptions of university students in Türkiye and that these perceptions may not be explained only by demographic variables in current research. Therefore, more in-depth analyses and consideration of different demographic variables or sociocultural factors may be necessary in future research.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Xenophobia higher education Türkiye; university students logistic regression

Kaynakça

  • Akande, O. D., Musarurwa, H. J., & Kaye, S. B. (2018). Students' attitudes and perceptions on xenophobia: A study of a university in Durban. Journal of Student Affairs in Africa, 6(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.24085/jsaa.v6i2.3307
  • Akinola, A. O. (2017). Introduction: understanding xenophobia in Africa. In A.O. Akinola (Eds.), The political economy of xenophobia in Africa: Advances in African economic, social and political development (pp. 1-7). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64897-2_1
  • Allen, R., & Ye, Y. (2021). Why will deteriorating relations, xenophobia, and safety concerns deter Chinese international student mobility to the United States. Journal of International Students, 11(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v11i2.3731
  • Atuesta, L. H., & Paredes, D. (2016). Do Mexicans flee from violence? The effects of drug-related violence on migration decisions in Mexico. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 42(3), 480-502. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2015.1079122
  • Aydın, H., & Kaya, Y. (2020). The educational needs of and barriers faced by Syrian refugee students in Turkey: A qualitative case study. In M. Catarci, M. G. Gomes, & S. Squeira (Eds.), Refugees, interculturalism and education (pp. 131-148). Routledge. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2017.1336373
  • Bayır, D., & Aksu, F. (2020). Açık Kapı politikasından güvenlik tehdidine Türkiye’de Suriyeli sığınmacılar olgusu [From the Open-Door policy to security threat: The case of Syrian asylum seekers in Türkiye]. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi [Marmara University Journal of Political Science], 8(2), 324-356. https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.789791
  • Bordeau, J. (2009). Xenophobia. The Rosen.
  • Bozdağ, F. (2020). Xenophobia and social contact in university students. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 8(4), 87-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.8n.4p.87
  • Bryman, A. (2012). Social research methods (4th ed.). Oxford University.
  • Çelik, Ç., & İçduygu, A. (2019). Schools and refugee children: The case of Syrians in Turkey. International Migration, 57(2), 253-267. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12488
  • Ceyhan, M. A., & Koçbaş, D. (2011). Göç ve çokdillilik bağlamında okullarda okuryazarlık edinimi [Literacy acquisition in schools in the context of migration and multilingualism]. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi [Istanbul Bilgi University].
  • CoHE. (2023). CoHE statistics. Accessed from https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr/ on 26/10/2023.
  • Colorado-Yohar, S., Tormo, M. J., Salmerón, D., Dios, S., Ballesta, M., & Navarro, C. (2012). Violence reported by the immigrant population is high as compared with the native population in southeast Spain. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(16), 3322-3340. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512441260
  • Creswell, J. W. (2011). Educational research: Planning, conducting and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Pearson.
  • Forbes-Mewett, H. (2020). Vulnerability and resilience in a mobile world the case of international students. Journal of International Students, 10(3), 9-11. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v10i3.2002
  • Frederickson, G. M. (2002). Racism: A short history. Princeton University.
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2022). IBM SPSS statistics 26 step by step: A simple guide and reference (17th ed.). Routledge.
  • Guillerme, G. (2021). International student mobility report. TIME Association.
  • Güngör, F., & Şenel, E. A. (2018). Yabancı uyruklu ilkokul öğrencilerinin eğitim-öğretiminde yaşanan sorunlara ilişkin öğretmen ve öğrenci görüşleri [Teachers and students views in problems of the foreign primary school students in education process encountered]. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, 8(2), 124-173. https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.454575
  • Hatton, T. J., & Williamson, J. G. (2003). What fundamentals drive world migration? In G. J. Borjas, & J. Crisp (Eds.), Poverty, international migration and asylum (pp. 15-38). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230522534
  • Hjerm, M. (2001). Education, xenophobia and nationalism: A comparative analysis. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(1), 37-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830124482
  • Holmberg, L., & Kyvsgaard, B. (2003). Are immigrants and their descendants discriminated against in the Danish criminal justice system? Journal of Scandinavian studies in criminology and crime prevention, 4(2), 125-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/14043850310020027
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Hurtado, S. (1992). The campus racial climate: Contexts of conflict. The Journal of Higher Education, 63(5), 539-569. https://doi.org/10.2307/1982093
  • Inglehart, R. F. (2018). Modernization, existential security, and cultural change. In M. J. Gelfand, C. Chiu, & Y. Hong (Eds.), Handbook of advances in culture and psychology (pp. 1-80). Oxford University. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879228.003.0001
  • Işık, İ. E. (2007). A view from Istanbul: Where does Turkey stand on the issues of migration and multiculturalism? In E. Berggren, B. Likić-Brborić, G. Toksöz, & N. Trimiklinioti (Eds.), Irregular migration, informal labour and community: A Challenge for Europe (pp. 118-132). Shaker.
  • Karabacak, N. (2020). An examination of Syrian students' educational experiences at school from the reflections of teachers. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 78(5), 754-776. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/20.78.754
  • Karabulut, R., & Mahmut, A. (2018). Suriyeli sığınmacıların Türkiye’ye ekonomik maliyeti (2011-2017) [Economic cost of Syrian asylum seekers to Türkiye (2011-2017)]. Individual and Society Journal of Social Science, 8(1), 131-144.
  • Kim, D. H., & Sundstrom, R. R. (2014). Xenophobia and racism. Critical Philosophy of Race, 2(1), 20-45. https://doi.org/10.5325/critphilrace.2.1.0020
  • Kocatürk, M., & Bozdağ, F. (2020). Xenophobia among university students: Its relationship with five factor model and dark triad personality traits. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 6(3), 545-554. https://doi.org/10.12973/ijem.6.3.545
  • Kondakci, Y., Zayim Kurtay, M., Kaya Kasikci, S., Senay, H. H., & Kulakoglu, B. (2023). Higher education for forcibly displaced migrants in Turkey. Higher Education Research & Development, 42(3), 619-632. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2022.2106946
  • Landau, L. B., Ramjathan-Keogh, K., & Singh, G. (2005). Xenophobia in South Africa and problems related to it. Forced Migration Working Paper Series (No. 13). University of the Witwatersrand.
  • Lau, J. (2020). Coronavirus sparks a rising tide of xenophobia worldwide. Times Higher Education. Accessed from https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/coronavirus-sparks-rising-tide-ofxenophobia-worldwide on 26/10/2023.
  • Matthews, J. (2008). Schooling and settlement: Refugee education in Australia. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 18(1), 31-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/09620210802195947
  • McAuliffe, M., & A., Triandafyllidou (2021). World migration report 2022. International Organization for Migration. Accessed from https://publications.iom.int/books/world-migration-report-2022 on 26/10/2023.
  • McGuire, R. H. (2020). The materiality and heritage of contemporary forc/ed migration. Annual Review of Anthropology, 49, 175-191. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-010220-074624
  • Mgogo, Q., & Osunkunle, O. (2023). Students' perceptions of the influence of media on perpetuating xenophobia in South African universities. The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa, 19(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.4102/td.v19i1.1218
  • Miguel, C.S., Miller, J. M., Kwak, D.-H., Lee-Gonyea, J. A., Gonyea, N. E. (2011). Xenophobia among hispanic college students and implications for the criminal justice system. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 27(1), 95-109. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986211402251
  • Moagi, M., Wyatt, G., Mokgobi, M., Loeb, T., Zhang, M., & Davhana-Maselesele, M. (2018). Mozambican immigrants to South Africa: Their xenophobia and discrimination experiences. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 28(3), 196-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2018.1475485
  • MoIGDoMM. (2021). Temporary protection. MoIGDoMM. Accessed https://www.goc.gov.tr/gecici-koruma5638 from on 26/10/2023.
  • Önaç, A. K., & Altunsoy, H. (2020). Cultural and spatial changes caused by intensive migration in urban areas; evidence from Hatay, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Forest Science, 4(2), 270-281. https://doi.org/10.32328/turkjforsci.749328
  • Özmete, E., Yıldırım, H., & Duru, S. (2018). Yabancı düşmanlığı (zenofobi) ölçeğinin Türk kültürüne uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Adaptation of the scale of xenophobia to Turkish culture: Validity and reliability study]. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi [Journal of Social Policy Studies], 40(2), 191-209. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.v18i39974.451063
  • Paalo, S. A., Adu-Gyamfi, S., & Arthur, D. D. (2022). Xenophobia and the challenge of regional integration in Africa: Understanding three cardinal dynamics. Acta Academica, 54(2), 6-23. https://doi.org/10.18820/24150479/aa54i2/2
  • Pallant, J. (2005). SPSS Survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows (Version 12). Allen and Unwin.
  • Poyrazlı, S., & Lopez, M. D. (2007). An exploratory study of perceived discrimination and homesickness: A comparison of international students and American students. The Journal of Psychology, 141(3), 263-280. https://doi.org/10.3200/jrlp.141.3.263-280
  • Saraçoğlu, C., & Bélanger, D. (2019). Loss and xenophobia in the city: Contextualizing anti-Syrian sentiments in Izmir, Turkey. Patterns of Prejudice, 1-21. http://doi.org/10.1080/0031322x.2019.1615779
  • Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2006), Research methods for business students (4. bs.). Prentice Hall.
  • Suleman, S., Garber, K. D., & Rutkow, L. (2018). Xenophobia as a determinant of health: An integrative review. Journal of Public Health Policy, 39, 407-423. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-018-0140-1
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson.
  • Thakkar, J. J. (2020). Structural equation modeling: Application for research and practice (with AMOS and R). Springer.
  • Ullah, A. A., Lee, S. C. W., Hassan, N. H., & Nawaz, F. (2020). Xenophobia in the GCC countries: Migrants' desire and distress. Global Affairs, 6(2), 203-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2020.1738951
  • Van Der Veer, K., Yakushko, O., Ommundsen, R., & Higler, L. (2011). Cross-national measure of fear-based xenophobia: Development of a cumulative scale. Psychological Reports, 109(1), 27-42. https://doi.org/10.2466/07.17.pr0.109.4.27-42
  • World Bank. (2021). The global cost of inclusive refugee education. The World Bank. Accessed from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/159281614191477048/The-Global-Cost-of-Inclusive-Refugee-Education on 26/10/2023.
  • Yakushko, O. (2009). Xenophobia: Understanding the roots and consequences of negative attitudes toward immigrants. The Counseling Psychologist, 37(1), 36-66.
  • Yakushko, O. (2018). Modern-day xenophobia: Critical historical and theoretical perspectives on the roots of anti-immigrant prejudice. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Yılmaz, A., & Geylani, D. (2022). Islamophobia, xenophobia, and racism. Ankara University SBF Journal, 7(2), 25-32.
  • Zaman, U. (2020). Examining the effect of xenophobia on "transnational" mega construction project (MCP) success: Moderating role of transformational leadership and high-performance work (HPW) practices. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 27(5), 1119-1143. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-05-2019-0227
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Eğitim Psikolojisi
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Barış Eriçok 0000-0001-9217-9615

Duran Mavi 0000-0001-7244-6448

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 16 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2024
Kabul Tarihi 30 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Eriçok, B., & Mavi, D. (2024). Xenophobia Perceptions of Turkish University Students: An Investigation According to Various Variables. Participatory Educational Research, 11(1), 32-46. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.24.3.11.1
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