Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 1 - 15, 28.02.2020
Öz
Children can take risks in their play, discover the excitement and uncertainty they need, find out their limits, what they can do and whether many things they can't do for their safety. However, the attitudes of parents could play an important role for how children’s freedom to face risk in play. Therefore, in this study, in order to investigate children’s perception of risk and risky play in the context of parents’ attitudes, semi-structured interview form and drawings of 30 (13 girls-17 boys) children who attending early childhood education institutions in 4-5 years’ age group were applied. In addition, parental attitude scale was administrated for 54 parents (33 mother and 21 father). As a result of the study, although the parents generally have a democratic attitude, it is seen that children are warned mostly by the dangers by their families and teachers in the outdoor areas, and the places they consider the most risky are in the outdoor of their school and they are afraid of falls and injuries. In summary, since the risky play content (such as sliding from great heights, rough-tumble) included in children's expressions is a natural component of their play, it is assumed that these risky plays are generally restricted by their parents even if their attiudes are mostly defined democratic.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Ball, D. (2002) Playgrounds – Risks, Benefits and Choices. London: Health & Safety Executive contract research report, Middlesex University.
- Ball, D.; Gill, T.; Spiegal, B. (2008). Managing risk in play provision: Implementation guide; Play England: London, UK.
- Banko, Ç., Akdemir, K., Gemici-Koşar, M. & Sevimli-Çelik, S. (2018). Çocuk oyun alanlarının risk içeren oyunları desteklemesi açısından incelenmesi. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(3), 406-417. doi: 10.17679/inuefd.387479
- Bundy, A. C., Luckett, T., Tranter, P. J., Naughton, G. A., Wyver, S. R., Ragen, J., & Spies, G. (2009). The risk is that there is ‘no risk’: A simple, innovative intervention to increase children’s activity levels. International Journal of Early Years Education, 17(1), 33-45.
- Brussoni, M., Gibbons, R., Gray, C., Ishikawa, T., Sandseter, E. B. H., Bienenstock, A., … Tremblay, M. S. (2015). What is the relationship between risky outdoor play and health in children? A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(6), 6423–6454.
- Cevher-Kalburan, N. (2014). Young children’s opportunities and parent’s opinions regarding outdoor play. Journal of Studies on Social Policy, 32, 113–135.
- Cevher-Kalburan, N. & Ivrendi, A. (2016). Risky play and parenting styles, J Child Fam Stud, 25:355–366.doi: 10.1007/s10826-015-0236-1.
- Christensen, P. & Mikkelsen, M. R. (2008) Jumping off and being careful: children’s strategies of risk management in everyday life. Sociology of Health and Illness, 30, 112–130.
- Dede, Y., & Demir, S. B. (2015). Karma Yöntem Araştırmaları Tasarımı ve Yürütülmesi. Anı yayıncılık. Ankara.
- Deretarla-Gul, E. (2012). An examination of parents’ perceptions onplaygrounds and their equipment. Journal of Çukurova University Institute of Social Sciences, 21(3), 261–274.
- Galvan, A., Hare, T., Voss, H., Glover, G., & Casey, B. J. (2007). Risk‐taking and the adolescent brain: Who is at risk?. Developmental science, 10(2), F8-F14.
- Gardner, M., & Steinberg, L. (2005). Peer influence on risk taking, risk preference, and risky decision making in adolescence and adulthood: an experimental study. Developmental psychology, 41(4), 625.
- Green, J. (1997) Risk and the construction of social identity: children’s talk about accidents, Sociology of Health and Illness , 19, 4, 457–79.
- Green, J. & Hart, L. (1998) Children’s views of accident risks and prevention: a qualitative study. Injury Prevention, 4, 14–21.
- Greenfield, C. (2004) ‘Can run, play on bikes, jump the zoom slide, and play on the swings’: exploring the value of outdoor play. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 29, 1–5.
- Güler, B. İ., & Demir, E. (2016). Okul Öncesi Ögretmenlerinin Riskli Oyunlara Yönelik Görüs ve Algilari. Ozel Egitim Dergisi, 17(2), 97. Hart, R. (2002). Containing children: Some lessons on planning play from New York City. Environment and Urbanization 14, no. 2: 135–48.
- Hart, C. H., DeWolf, D., & Wozniak, P. (1992). Maternal and paternal disciplinary styles: Relations with prescoolers’ playground behavioral orientations and peer status. Child Development, 63, 879-892.
- Hill, A., & Bundy, A. C.(2012). Reliability and validity of a new instrument to measure tolerance of everyday risk for children. Child: Care, Health and Development, 40(1), 68-76 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2012.01414.x
- Jelleyman, C., McPhee, J., Brussoni, M., Bundy, A., & Duncan, S. (2019). A cross-sectional description of parental perceptions and practices related to risky play and independent mobility in children: the New Zealand State of Play Survey. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(2), 262.
- Karabulut Demir, E. ve Şendil, G. (2008). Ebeveyn tutum ölçeği(ETÖ). Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 11 (21), 15-25.
- Lester, S. & Russell, W. (2008). Play for a change. Play, policy and practice: A review of contemporary perspectives. http://www.playengland.org.uk/Page.asp. sitesinden online erişim ile.
- Little, H. (2015). Mothers’ beliefs about risk and risk-taking in children’s outdoor play. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 15(1), 24-39. doi:10.1080/14729679.2013.842178.
- Little, H., & Eager, D. (2010). Risk, challenge and safety: Implications for play quality and playground design. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 18(4), 497–513.
- Maynard, T., & Waters, J. (2007). Learning in the outdoor environment: a missed opportunity?. Early years, 27(3), 255-265.
- Mitchell, R., Cavanagh, M. & Eager, D. (2006). Not all risk is bad, playgrounds as a learning environment for children. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 13, 122–124.
- Mitchell, S. H., Schoel, C., & Stevens, A. A. (2008). Mechanisms underlying heightened risk taking in adolescents as compared with adults. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 15(2), 272-277.
- New, Rebecca, & Akslen, Aase. (2005). Cultural differences in the place of values in early childhood education. Paper presented at the 15th Annual Conference on Quality in Early Childhood Education: Young Children as Citizens, European Early Childhood Education Research Association, Dublin, Ireland.
- New, R., Mardell, B. & Robinson, D. (2005). Early childhood education as risky business: going beyond what’s ‘safe’ to discovering what’s possible, Early Childhood Research and Practice, 7.
- Niehues, A.N., Bundy ,A., Broom A., & Tranter, P.( 2016). Reframing healthy risk taking: parents’ dilemmas and strategies to promote children’s well-being. J Occup Sci.;23:449–63.
- Pellegrini, A. D., & Smith, P. K. (1998). The development of play during childhood: Forms and possible functions. Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review, 3(2), 51-57.
- Sandseter, E. B. H. (2007). Categorising risky play—How can we identify risk-taking in children’s play? European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 15(2), 237–252.
- Sandseter, E. B.H. (2009a). Affordances for risky play in preschool: The importance of features in the play environment. Early Childhood Education Journal, 36, 439–446.
- Sandseter, E. B. H. (2009b). Characteristics of risky play. Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 9(1), 3–21.
- Sandseter, E. B. H. (2009c). Children's Expressions of Exhilaration and Fear in Risky Play. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood. 10 (2), 92-106.
- Sandseter, E. B. H. (2010). Scaryfunny. A qualitative study of risky play among preschool children. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
- Scott, S., Jackson, S., & Backett-Milburn. K. (1998). Swings and roundabouts: Risk anxiety and the everyday world of children. Sociology, 32: 689–705.
- Sisman, E. E., & Ozyavuz, M. (2010). Distribution and use of proficiency of playgrounds: A case study in Tekirdag. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 7(1), 13–22.
- Solly, K. (2015). Risk, challenge and adventure in the early years. Oxon: Routledge.
- Stephenson, A. (2003). Physical risk-taking: Dangerous or endangered? Early Years, 23(1), 35–43.
- Stodden, D.F., Goodway, J.D., Langendorfer, S.J., Roberton, M.A., Rudisill, M.E., Garcia, C., Garcia, L.E. (2008). A developmental perspective on the role of motor skill competence in physical activity: An emergent relationship. Quest, 60(2), 290-306.
- Ungar, M. (2009) Overprotective parenting: helping parents provide children the right amount of risk and responsibility. American Journal of Family Therapy, 37, 258–271.
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 1 - 15, 28.02.2020
Öz
Çocuklar oyunlarında risk alarak, ihtiyaçları olan heyecan ve bilinmezliği keşfederek, limitlerini, neleri yapabilir ve yapamayacaklarını, birçok şeyin güvenli olup olmayacağını öğrenebilirler. Ancak çocukların riskle karşılaşma özgürlüklerinin aileler önemli bir belirleyici rol oynayabilir. Bu nedenle bu araştırmada, çocukların risk algılarını ailelerin tutumları bağlamında incelemek amacıyla, 4-5 yaş grubundaki erken çocukluk eğitim kurumuna devam eden 30 (13 kız-17 erkek) çocuğun risk algıları yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu ile çizimlerinden yararlanılarak incelenmiştir. Ayrıca aile tutumlarını belirlemek için de Ebeveyn Tutum ölçeği 54 ebeveyne (33 anne ve 21 baba) uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, ailelerin genel olarak demokratik tutumda olmasına rağmen, çocukların en çok aileleri ve öğretmenleri tarafından açık alanlarda olabilecek tehlikeler tarafından uyarıldıkları, en çok riskli gördükleri yerler açık alanlar olup, düşme ve yaralanmalardan korktukları görülmüştür. Özetle, çocukların ifadelerinde de yer alan riskli oyun içerikleri (yüksekten kayma, itiş-kakış gibi) onların oyunlarının doğal bileşeni olduğundan dolayı, bu tür oyunların ailelerin tutumlarının ne kadar demokratik olarak nitelendirilmiş olsa da, çocukların oyun oynarken risk almalarında kısıtlayıcı bir rol oynadıkları düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Ball, D. (2002) Playgrounds – Risks, Benefits and Choices. London: Health & Safety Executive contract research report, Middlesex University.
- Ball, D.; Gill, T.; Spiegal, B. (2008). Managing risk in play provision: Implementation guide; Play England: London, UK.
- Banko, Ç., Akdemir, K., Gemici-Koşar, M. & Sevimli-Çelik, S. (2018). Çocuk oyun alanlarının risk içeren oyunları desteklemesi açısından incelenmesi. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(3), 406-417. doi: 10.17679/inuefd.387479
- Bundy, A. C., Luckett, T., Tranter, P. J., Naughton, G. A., Wyver, S. R., Ragen, J., & Spies, G. (2009). The risk is that there is ‘no risk’: A simple, innovative intervention to increase children’s activity levels. International Journal of Early Years Education, 17(1), 33-45.
- Brussoni, M., Gibbons, R., Gray, C., Ishikawa, T., Sandseter, E. B. H., Bienenstock, A., … Tremblay, M. S. (2015). What is the relationship between risky outdoor play and health in children? A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(6), 6423–6454.
- Cevher-Kalburan, N. (2014). Young children’s opportunities and parent’s opinions regarding outdoor play. Journal of Studies on Social Policy, 32, 113–135.
- Cevher-Kalburan, N. & Ivrendi, A. (2016). Risky play and parenting styles, J Child Fam Stud, 25:355–366.doi: 10.1007/s10826-015-0236-1.
- Christensen, P. & Mikkelsen, M. R. (2008) Jumping off and being careful: children’s strategies of risk management in everyday life. Sociology of Health and Illness, 30, 112–130.
- Dede, Y., & Demir, S. B. (2015). Karma Yöntem Araştırmaları Tasarımı ve Yürütülmesi. Anı yayıncılık. Ankara.
- Deretarla-Gul, E. (2012). An examination of parents’ perceptions onplaygrounds and their equipment. Journal of Çukurova University Institute of Social Sciences, 21(3), 261–274.
- Galvan, A., Hare, T., Voss, H., Glover, G., & Casey, B. J. (2007). Risk‐taking and the adolescent brain: Who is at risk?. Developmental science, 10(2), F8-F14.
- Gardner, M., & Steinberg, L. (2005). Peer influence on risk taking, risk preference, and risky decision making in adolescence and adulthood: an experimental study. Developmental psychology, 41(4), 625.
- Green, J. (1997) Risk and the construction of social identity: children’s talk about accidents, Sociology of Health and Illness , 19, 4, 457–79.
- Green, J. & Hart, L. (1998) Children’s views of accident risks and prevention: a qualitative study. Injury Prevention, 4, 14–21.
- Greenfield, C. (2004) ‘Can run, play on bikes, jump the zoom slide, and play on the swings’: exploring the value of outdoor play. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 29, 1–5.
- Güler, B. İ., & Demir, E. (2016). Okul Öncesi Ögretmenlerinin Riskli Oyunlara Yönelik Görüs ve Algilari. Ozel Egitim Dergisi, 17(2), 97. Hart, R. (2002). Containing children: Some lessons on planning play from New York City. Environment and Urbanization 14, no. 2: 135–48.
- Hart, C. H., DeWolf, D., & Wozniak, P. (1992). Maternal and paternal disciplinary styles: Relations with prescoolers’ playground behavioral orientations and peer status. Child Development, 63, 879-892.
- Hill, A., & Bundy, A. C.(2012). Reliability and validity of a new instrument to measure tolerance of everyday risk for children. Child: Care, Health and Development, 40(1), 68-76 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2012.01414.x
- Jelleyman, C., McPhee, J., Brussoni, M., Bundy, A., & Duncan, S. (2019). A cross-sectional description of parental perceptions and practices related to risky play and independent mobility in children: the New Zealand State of Play Survey. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(2), 262.
- Karabulut Demir, E. ve Şendil, G. (2008). Ebeveyn tutum ölçeği(ETÖ). Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 11 (21), 15-25.
- Lester, S. & Russell, W. (2008). Play for a change. Play, policy and practice: A review of contemporary perspectives. http://www.playengland.org.uk/Page.asp. sitesinden online erişim ile.
- Little, H. (2015). Mothers’ beliefs about risk and risk-taking in children’s outdoor play. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 15(1), 24-39. doi:10.1080/14729679.2013.842178.
- Little, H., & Eager, D. (2010). Risk, challenge and safety: Implications for play quality and playground design. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 18(4), 497–513.
- Maynard, T., & Waters, J. (2007). Learning in the outdoor environment: a missed opportunity?. Early years, 27(3), 255-265.
- Mitchell, R., Cavanagh, M. & Eager, D. (2006). Not all risk is bad, playgrounds as a learning environment for children. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 13, 122–124.
- Mitchell, S. H., Schoel, C., & Stevens, A. A. (2008). Mechanisms underlying heightened risk taking in adolescents as compared with adults. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 15(2), 272-277.
- New, Rebecca, & Akslen, Aase. (2005). Cultural differences in the place of values in early childhood education. Paper presented at the 15th Annual Conference on Quality in Early Childhood Education: Young Children as Citizens, European Early Childhood Education Research Association, Dublin, Ireland.
- New, R., Mardell, B. & Robinson, D. (2005). Early childhood education as risky business: going beyond what’s ‘safe’ to discovering what’s possible, Early Childhood Research and Practice, 7.
- Niehues, A.N., Bundy ,A., Broom A., & Tranter, P.( 2016). Reframing healthy risk taking: parents’ dilemmas and strategies to promote children’s well-being. J Occup Sci.;23:449–63.
- Pellegrini, A. D., & Smith, P. K. (1998). The development of play during childhood: Forms and possible functions. Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review, 3(2), 51-57.
- Sandseter, E. B. H. (2007). Categorising risky play—How can we identify risk-taking in children’s play? European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 15(2), 237–252.
- Sandseter, E. B.H. (2009a). Affordances for risky play in preschool: The importance of features in the play environment. Early Childhood Education Journal, 36, 439–446.
- Sandseter, E. B. H. (2009b). Characteristics of risky play. Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 9(1), 3–21.
- Sandseter, E. B. H. (2009c). Children's Expressions of Exhilaration and Fear in Risky Play. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood. 10 (2), 92-106.
- Sandseter, E. B. H. (2010). Scaryfunny. A qualitative study of risky play among preschool children. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
- Scott, S., Jackson, S., & Backett-Milburn. K. (1998). Swings and roundabouts: Risk anxiety and the everyday world of children. Sociology, 32: 689–705.
- Sisman, E. E., & Ozyavuz, M. (2010). Distribution and use of proficiency of playgrounds: A case study in Tekirdag. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 7(1), 13–22.
- Solly, K. (2015). Risk, challenge and adventure in the early years. Oxon: Routledge.
- Stephenson, A. (2003). Physical risk-taking: Dangerous or endangered? Early Years, 23(1), 35–43.
- Stodden, D.F., Goodway, J.D., Langendorfer, S.J., Roberton, M.A., Rudisill, M.E., Garcia, C., Garcia, L.E. (2008). A developmental perspective on the role of motor skill competence in physical activity: An emergent relationship. Quest, 60(2), 290-306.
- Ungar, M. (2009) Overprotective parenting: helping parents provide children the right amount of risk and responsibility. American Journal of Family Therapy, 37, 258–271.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 28 Şubat 2020 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1 |