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Gelişimsel Perspektiften Karşı Olgusal Düşünme

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 31 - 42, 30.09.2021

Sevinç Zeynep Kavruk , Kevser Tozduman Yaralı , Selvinaz Saçan

Öz

Karşı olgusal düşünme/akıl yürütme, bireyin bir durum farklı olsaydı ne olacağını hayal ederek dünya hakkında doğru olduğunu bildiği şeylere alternatif olasılıklar üretmesidir. Bu becerinin temelleri erken çocukluk döneminde atılmakla birlikte yaşam boyu kullanılır. Erken çocukluk döneminde karşı olgusal düşünme/akıl yürütme; nedensel ilişkileri anlama, bellek süreçleri, zihin teorisi, sembolik oyun, pişmanlık ve rahatlama gibi öz bilinçli duygularla yakından ilişkilidir. Karşı olgusal düşünmenin neticede ‘hayali müdahaleler’ olduğu düşünüldüğünde bu akıl yürütme şeklinin bilimsel süreç becerileri gibi nedensel sistemlere yönelik öğrenmeyi desteklediğini söylemek mümkündür. Bu düşünceyle karşı olgusal düşünme konusundaki literatür dikkate alınarak bu çalışmada karşı olgusal düşünmenin ne olduğu, çocuklar için neden önemli olduğu, diğer becerilerle ilişkisi ve gelişimsel süreci açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu açıdan çalışmanın farklı disiplinlerden araştırmacılara, karşı olgusal düşünmeye gelişimsel perspektiften bakma olanağı sağlayacağı ve bu konuda çalışmak isteyenlere rehber olacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Karşı olgusal düşünme Karşı olgusal akıl yürütme Gelişim Erken çocukluk

Kaynakça

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  • Byrne, R. M. (2002). Mental models and counterfactual thoughts about what might have been. Trends in cognitive sciences, 6(10), 426-431. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01974-5
  • Caza, J. S., O'Brien, B. M., Cassidy, K. S., Ziani-Bey, H. A., & Atance, C. M. (2021). Tomorrow will be different: Children’s ability to incorporate an intervening event when thinking about the future. Developmental Psychology, 57(3), 376–385.
  • Epstude, K., & Roese, N. J. (2008). The functional theory of counterfactual thinking. Personality and social psychology review, 12(2), 168-192. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868308316091
  • German, T. P. (1999). Children’s causal reasoning: Counterfactual thinking occurs for ‘‘negative” outcomes only. Developmental Science, 2, 442–447. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7687.00088
  • German, T. P., & Nichols, S. (2003). Children's counterfactual inferences about long and short causal chains. Developmental Science, 6(5), 514-523. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7687.00309
  • Guajardo, N. R., & Turley-Ames, K. J. (2004). Preschoolers’ generation of different types of counterfactual statements and theory of mind understanding. Cognitive Development, 19, 53–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2003.09.002
  • Guerini, R., FitzGibbon, L., & Coricelli, G. (2020). The role of agency in regret and relief in 3-to 10-year-old children. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 179, 797-806.
  • Guttentag, R., & Ferrell, J. (2004). Reality compared with its alternatives: age differences in judgments of regret and relief. Developmental psychology, 40(5), 764. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.40.5.764
  • Harris, P. L., German, T., & Mills, P. (1996). Children's use of counterfactual thinking in causal reasoning. Cognition, 61(3), 233-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(96)00715-9
  • Karakelle, S., & Ertuğrul, Z. (2012). Zihin Kuramı ile Çalışma Belleği, Dil Becerisi ve Yönetici İşlevler Arasındaki Bağlantılar Küçük (36-48 ay) ve Büyük (53-72 ay) Çocuklarda Farklılık Gösterebilir mi?. Turk Psikoloji Dergisi, 27(70).
  • Kazancı, O. (1989). Eğitimde eleştirici düşünme ve öğretimi. İstanbul: Kazancı Kitap.
  • Lee, Y., & Lim, J. (2020). Serial Dual Mediating Effects of Preschoolers' Executive Functions and Counterfactual Thinking on Relationship between Maternal Reflective Functioning and Preschoolers' Higher-order Thinking. Family and Environment Research, 58(2), 131-148.
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  • Markman, K. D., Karadogan, F., Lindberg, M. J., & Zell, E. (2009). Counterfactual thinking: Function and dysfunction. In K. D. Markman, W. M. P. Klein, & J. A. Suhr (Eds.), Handbook of imagination and mental simulation (p. 175–193). Psychology Press.
  • McCormack, T., O’Connor, E., Cherry, J., Beck, S. R., & Feeney, A. (2019). Experiencing regret about a choice helps children learn to delay gratification. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 179, 162–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2018.11.005
  • Morris, M.N. and Moore, P.C. (2000) The lessons we (don’t) learn: counterfactual thinking and organizational accountability after a close call. Admin. Sci. Q. 45, 737–765. https://doi.org/10.2307/2667018
  • Nakamichi, Keito. "Young children’s counterfactual thinking: Triggered by the negative emotions of others." Journal of experimental child psychology 187 (2019): 104659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2019.06.012
  • Nasco, S. A., & Marsh, K. L. (1999). Gaining Control through Counterfactual Thinking. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(5), 557 569. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167299025005002
  • Nyhout, A., & Ganea, P. A. (2019). The development of the counterfactual imagination. Child Development Perspectives, 13(4), 254-259.
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  • Roese, N. (1999). Counterfactual thinking and decision making. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 6(4), 570-578. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03212965
  • Roese, N., & Epstude, K. (2017). The Functional Theory of Counterfactual Thinking: New Evidence, New Challenges, New Insights. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (pp. 1-79). (Advances in Experimental Social Psychology; Vol. 56). Academic Press Inc.. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2017.02.001.
  • Rouvoli, L., Tsakali, V., & Kazanina, N. (2019). If they had been more transparent, the child would have discovered them more easily: How counterfactuals develop. Proceedings of the 43rd Boston University Conference on Language Development, ed. Megan M. Brown and Brady Dailey, 549-560. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
  • Santrock, J.W. (2021). Çocuk gelişimi. 13. Basımdan Çeviri. (Çev. Ed: A. Güre). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık. Sarah R. Beck, Kevin J. Riggs & Sarah L. Gorniak (2009) Relating developments in children's counterfactual thinking and executive functions, Thinking & Reasoning, 15:4, 337-354. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546780903135904
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  • Smallman, R. & Roese, N.J. (2009). Counterfactual thinking facilitates behavioral intentions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45; 845–852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.002
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Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Sevinç Zeynep Kavruk 0000-0001-8611-492X

Kevser Tozduman Yaralı 0000-0002-7765-0461

Selvinaz Saçan 0000-0002-6894-4118

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kavruk, S. Z., Tozduman Yaralı, K., & Saçan, S. (2021). Gelişimsel Perspektiften Karşı Olgusal Düşünme. Uluslararası Erken Çocukluk Eğitimi Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6(2), 31-42.
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