Derleme
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 31 - 42, 30.09.2021
Öz
Karşı olgusal düşünme/akıl yürütme, bireyin bir durum farklı olsaydı ne olacağını hayal ederek dünya hakkında doğru olduğunu bildiği şeylere alternatif olasılıklar üretmesidir. Bu becerinin temelleri erken çocukluk döneminde atılmakla birlikte yaşam boyu kullanılır. Erken çocukluk döneminde karşı olgusal düşünme/akıl yürütme; nedensel ilişkileri anlama, bellek süreçleri, zihin teorisi, sembolik oyun, pişmanlık ve rahatlama gibi öz bilinçli duygularla yakından ilişkilidir. Karşı olgusal düşünmenin neticede ‘hayali müdahaleler’ olduğu düşünüldüğünde bu akıl yürütme şeklinin bilimsel süreç becerileri gibi nedensel sistemlere yönelik öğrenmeyi desteklediğini söylemek mümkündür. Bu düşünceyle karşı olgusal düşünme konusundaki literatür dikkate alınarak bu çalışmada karşı olgusal düşünmenin ne olduğu, çocuklar için neden önemli olduğu, diğer becerilerle ilişkisi ve gelişimsel süreci açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu açıdan çalışmanın farklı disiplinlerden araştırmacılara, karşı olgusal düşünmeye gelişimsel perspektiften bakma olanağı sağlayacağı ve bu konuda çalışmak isteyenlere rehber olacağı düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Karşı olgusal düşünme Karşı olgusal akıl yürütme Gelişim Erken çocukluk
Kaynakça
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- Beck, S. R., Robinson, E. J., Carroll, D. J., & Apperly, I. A. (2006). Children's thinking about counterfactuals and future hypotheticals as possibilities. Child Development, 77(2), 413-426. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00879.x
- Byrne, R. M. (2002). Mental models and counterfactual thoughts about what might have been. Trends in cognitive sciences, 6(10), 426-431. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01974-5
- Caza, J. S., O'Brien, B. M., Cassidy, K. S., Ziani-Bey, H. A., & Atance, C. M. (2021). Tomorrow will be different: Children’s ability to incorporate an intervening event when thinking about the future. Developmental Psychology, 57(3), 376–385.
- Epstude, K., & Roese, N. J. (2008). The functional theory of counterfactual thinking. Personality and social psychology review, 12(2), 168-192. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868308316091
- German, T. P. (1999). Children’s causal reasoning: Counterfactual thinking occurs for ‘‘negative” outcomes only. Developmental Science, 2, 442–447. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7687.00088
- German, T. P., & Nichols, S. (2003). Children's counterfactual inferences about long and short causal chains. Developmental Science, 6(5), 514-523. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7687.00309
- Guajardo, N. R., & Turley-Ames, K. J. (2004). Preschoolers’ generation of different types of counterfactual statements and theory of mind understanding. Cognitive Development, 19, 53–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2003.09.002
- Guerini, R., FitzGibbon, L., & Coricelli, G. (2020). The role of agency in regret and relief in 3-to 10-year-old children. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 179, 797-806.
- Guttentag, R., & Ferrell, J. (2004). Reality compared with its alternatives: age differences in judgments of regret and relief. Developmental psychology, 40(5), 764. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.40.5.764
- Harris, P. L., German, T., & Mills, P. (1996). Children's use of counterfactual thinking in causal reasoning. Cognition, 61(3), 233-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(96)00715-9
- Karakelle, S., & Ertuğrul, Z. (2012). Zihin Kuramı ile Çalışma Belleği, Dil Becerisi ve Yönetici İşlevler Arasındaki Bağlantılar Küçük (36-48 ay) ve Büyük (53-72 ay) Çocuklarda Farklılık Gösterebilir mi?. Turk Psikoloji Dergisi, 27(70).
- Kazancı, O. (1989). Eğitimde eleştirici düşünme ve öğretimi. İstanbul: Kazancı Kitap.
- Lee, Y., & Lim, J. (2020). Serial Dual Mediating Effects of Preschoolers' Executive Functions and Counterfactual Thinking on Relationship between Maternal Reflective Functioning and Preschoolers' Higher-order Thinking. Family and Environment Research, 58(2), 131-148.
- Leslie, A. M. (1987). Pretense and representation: The origins of" theory of mind.". Psychological review, 94(4), 412.
- Markman, K. D., Karadogan, F., Lindberg, M. J., & Zell, E. (2009). Counterfactual thinking: Function and dysfunction. In K. D. Markman, W. M. P. Klein, & J. A. Suhr (Eds.), Handbook of imagination and mental simulation (p. 175–193). Psychology Press.
- McCormack, T., O’Connor, E., Cherry, J., Beck, S. R., & Feeney, A. (2019). Experiencing regret about a choice helps children learn to delay gratification. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 179, 162–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2018.11.005
- Morris, M.N. and Moore, P.C. (2000) The lessons we (don’t) learn: counterfactual thinking and organizational accountability after a close call. Admin. Sci. Q. 45, 737–765. https://doi.org/10.2307/2667018
- Nakamichi, Keito. "Young children’s counterfactual thinking: Triggered by the negative emotions of others." Journal of experimental child psychology 187 (2019): 104659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2019.06.012
- Nasco, S. A., & Marsh, K. L. (1999). Gaining Control through Counterfactual Thinking. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(5), 557 569. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167299025005002
- Nyhout, A., & Ganea, P. A. (2019). The development of the counterfactual imagination. Child Development Perspectives, 13(4), 254-259.
- Rafetseder, E., Cristi‐Vargas, R., & Perner, J. (2010). Counterfactual reasoning: Developing a sense of “nearest possible world”. Child development, 81(1), 376-389. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01401.x
- Rafetseder, E., & Perner, J. (2018). Belief and counterfactuality: A teleological theory of belief attribution. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 226, 110–121. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000327
- Rafetseder, E., Schwitalla, M., & Perner, J. (2013). Counterfactual reasoning: From childhood to adulthood. Journal of experimental child psychology, 114(3), 389-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2012.10.010
- Riggs, K. J., Peterson, D. M., Robinson, E. J., & Mitchell, P. (1998). Are errors in false belief tasks symptomatic of a broader difficulty with counterfactuality?. Cognitive Development, 13(1), 73-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-2014(98)90021-1
- Roese, N.J. (1994) The functional basis of counterfactual thinking. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 66, 805–818 25 https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.805
- Roese, N. (1999). Counterfactual thinking and decision making. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 6(4), 570-578. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03212965
- Roese, N., & Epstude, K. (2017). The Functional Theory of Counterfactual Thinking: New Evidence, New Challenges, New Insights. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (pp. 1-79). (Advances in Experimental Social Psychology; Vol. 56). Academic Press Inc.. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2017.02.001.
- Rouvoli, L., Tsakali, V., & Kazanina, N. (2019). If they had been more transparent, the child would have discovered them more easily: How counterfactuals develop. Proceedings of the 43rd Boston University Conference on Language Development, ed. Megan M. Brown and Brady Dailey, 549-560. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
- Santrock, J.W. (2021). Çocuk gelişimi. 13. Basımdan Çeviri. (Çev. Ed: A. Güre). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık. Sarah R. Beck, Kevin J. Riggs & Sarah L. Gorniak (2009) Relating developments in children's counterfactual thinking and executive functions, Thinking & Reasoning, 15:4, 337-354. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546780903135904
- Sherman, S. J., & McCONNELL, A. R. (1996). The role of counterfactual thinking in reasoning. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10(7), 113-124. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0720(199611)10:7<113::AID-ACP433>3.0.CO;2-6
- Smallman, R. & Roese, N.J. (2009). Counterfactual thinking facilitates behavioral intentions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45; 845–852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.002
- Tillman, K., & Walker, C. M. (2019). Children's causal inferences about past vs. future events. In CogSci (pp. 2968-2974).
- Ünal, G. (2014). The development of episodic cognition and mental time travel in Turkish preschoolers: What, where, and when.
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- Van Reet, J., Pinkham, A. M., Lillard, A. S., & Byrne, R. M. (2007). The development of the counterfactual imagination. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30(5), 468.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Eylül 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2021Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2 |
